Working with Concrete

Concrete (as dry cement) is available in many dry forms and comes as a raw powder in many sizes – in small sacks for the home user, or in huge containers for builders, construction engineers, and many other professional tradesmen. Concrete is now perhaps the most commonly used material on the planet. It is everywhere – in roads and paths, walls, houses, bridges; and has a wonderful versatility in that it can be mixed with many other materials like stone, bitumen, asphalt, to give greater strength to structures and surfaces.

window.google_render_ad(); But it is only in its most rawest and natural state that concrete could be described as green, and only as a powder can concrete be biodegradable, when it is most similar to its original form. In working with concrete, when it is mixed and churned with water, it becomes loose and putty like, and from this point on there is a short period when it can be applied before it starts to set and harden.

This industrial use of concrete is the essence of all building projects: when the material comes out of the mixer and is laid down, or used to form bricks, or mixed with other materials. There can be a lot of industrial waste during this process: much of the concrete will not be used immediately, and will harden and not be used. Also a lot of water can be used, and wasted during this process, which is not so green or environmentally friendly. Pollution of water can also occur at this and every stage of the process – from extraction of concrete through to its eventual application – and particularly if this water then becomes ground water or reaches the river systems, the natural environment can become polluted and degraded.

Disposing of Concrete

In its final form, as waste, concrete is far from being either biodegradable or environmentally friendly. It generally has to be smashed up and removed in chunks. One of the benefits of working with concrete is that it is adaptable, hard wearing and long lasting, but once it has started cracking, or becoming uneven, then it needs to be replaced, or covered with further layers of new concrete.

There are other green materials that can be used for some building and construction purposes – more wood can be used in house construction, for instance. But in generals humans need to wean ourselves off our devotion to and reliance upon ugly grey, environmentally unfriendly concrete. Materials that work with and do not despoil the natural environment need to be found and experimented with.

Text 5

Green cement: an industry revolution?

Cement produces more carbon dioxide than the whole of the aviation industry. But now there’s a variant that actually absorbs greenhouse gases.

The argument about which is the greener construction material, concrete or steel, could be about to take a new turn. UK scientists say they have discovered a way of producing cement which, instead of emitting carbon dioxide, absorbs it from the atmosphere. Given that cement accounts for about 5% of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions, more than the aviation industry, and that concrete production is set to grow 50% by 2020, the discovery could be the breakthrough of the decade in the construction industry.

The cement has been developed by Novacem, a spin-off company of Imperial College in London. It uses different raw materials to conventional Portland cement. According to Nikolaos Vlasopoulos, the company’s chief scientist, when they were developing the cement they wanted to cross the boundary and make a material that was carbon negative. “That was our goal from the outset,” he says.

Traditional Portland cement is made by heating limestone and clay in giant kilns at about 1,500ÞC to produce clinker. This is ground with gypsum to make cement. The International Energy Agency estimates that for every tonne of cement releases an average of 0.83 tonnes of CO2. About half of this is generated from the vast amounts of energy needed to heat the kilns and the other half is released in chemical reactions as the limestone decomposes.

According to Vlasopoulos there is little that can be done to reduce the CO2 emissions given off when clinker is produced. “Unless you have a way to capture it and encapsulate it, it’s going to be released into the atmosphere.”

However, instead of limestone, Novacem’s cement uses magnesium oxides. Vlasopoulos is coy about the exact technique – a patent is still pending – but says they have developed a way of converting magnesium silicates, which are abundantly available, into magnesium oxide, which is used as the raw material for the cement. The advantage of using magnesium oxide is that the production process requires lower temperatures – typically in the range of 650ÞC to 700ÞC – and it does not give off any carbon dioxide in the reaction.

Lower temperatures open up the possibility of decreasing the carbon footprint further by using biomass. Traditional cement production relies on a mix of fuels such as coke and coal, as well as used tyres, meat, bone meal and packaging waste. For the past decade cement makers have been working on ways to reduce their energy consumption. “There has been a move to switch to lower carbon content fuels,” says Vlasopoulos. “The problem is that they cannot sustain the temperatures as easily as when you use coke or coal to fire the kilns. If you use lower temperatures we can be much more flexible in the types of fuel we use.”

Of course this still means that carbon dioxide is produced, but Novacem’s cement absorbs carbon dioxide when it hardens; Portland cement does this too but Novacem’s cement absorbs it in much greater amounts. Portland cement soaks up anywhere between 0.2 and 0.5 tonnes, which, taking into account the production process, leaves an overall carbon footprint of between 0.3 and 0.6 tonnes. Vlasopoulos says production of a tonne of his cement generates 0.4 tonnes of CO2 but absorbs 1.1 tonnes when it hardens meaning on balance it absorbs 0.7 tonnes of CO2 from the atmosphere. This compares favourably with steel which produces an average 1.7 tonnes of CO2 for every tonne produced.

The big question of course is when will the cement be available? Work on developing full-scale production facilities is now under way and the company is working with Rio Tinto Minerals on how best to get hold of magnesium silicate, but, says Vlasopoulos, it will be three to five years before it is commercially available. “It needs some time to fall into place; we need to build production plants and get the market on board.”

And there’s more to come. Vlasopoulos and his team are also working on a way to recycle its magnesium oxide cement. “Normally with concrete you break it up and recover it as aggregate and use it instead of sand and gravel. We propose recycling it to make cement again. It’s not something that will happen now as you need a stock of buildings to do it with but in the long term this is our goal.”

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