Crises: final glossary

1) aid [eɪd]

E.g. The UK prime minister reaffirmed on Tuesday Britain's pledge to spend 0.7% of gross-national income on aid by 2013.

2) to amplify

3) to avert [ə'vɜːt]

1. To turn away

2. To ward off (something about to happen); prevent

E.g. The Cyprus government was in crisis talks on Wednesday to come up with a plan to secure an emergency bailout package to shore up its banks and avert financial meltdown.

4) avian influenza/ avian flu – птичий грипп

Avian influenza — known informally as avian flu or bird flu — refers to "influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds

E.g. China is considered one of the nations most at risk from bird flu because it has the world's biggest poultry population and many chickens in rural areas are kept close to humans

5) bailout ['beɪlaut] – финансовая помощь

OR: bail-out.

(noun, informal) financial help given to a person or a company that is in difficulty

E.g. Mistakes were made with the handling of Northern Rock because of fears that a bailout would create problems of moral hazard – in other words helping a bank that had got itself into trouble through its own stupidity would encourage bad behaviour by others.

6) bankruptcy – банкротство

Bankruptcy is a legal status of a person or organization that cannot repay the debts it owes to creditors. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debtor.

E.g. Spain, for example, passed a bankruptcy law (ley concursal) in 2003 which provides for debt settlement plans that can result in a reduction of the debt (maximally half of the amount) or an extension of the payment period of maximally five years; nevertheless, it does not foresee debt discharge.

7) bellicose – агрессивный

E. g.: The White House said today that it takes North Korea's latest sabre-rattling threats seriously while cautioning that Pyongyang has a long history of bellicose rhetoric.

8) blast – взрыв

E.g. Car bombs and blasts target Iraqi Shia districts in Baghdad

9) bomber – бомбардировщик

E.g. The deployment came after the United States publicized a rare training flight by two B-2 bombers over South Korea

10) to burgeon ['bɜːʤ(ə)n] – разрастаться, развиваться

(verb, formal) to grow or develop quickly

E.g. The East Anglian city needs "£1bn investment, now" to ensure the health and growth of its burgeoning biotech and IT companies...

11) to claim – заявлять,утверждать

E.g. No group immediately claimed responsibility

12) conciliation – примирение.

E.g.: Attempts at conciliation during the week with Acas, the arbitration service, failed, and with management and unions ratcheting up the rhetoric this weekend, both sides appear to be digging in for an extended dispute.

13) crackdown ['krækdaun] – карательные меры, силовое воздействие

An act or example of forceful regulation, repression, or restraint

E.g.: They were among a group of 47 medics rounded up in the wake of a crackdown on Shite-led protests in March 2011. Many medics allege they were tortured in custody.

14) default

A default is the failure to pay back a loan. Default may occur if the debtor is either unwilling or unable to pay his or her debt. This can occur with all debt obligations including bonds, mortgages, loans, and promissory notes.

E.g. Even internet illiteracy has been associated with increased default, potentially caused by these households being less likely to find their way to the social benefits they are often entitled to.

15) deflation [dɪ'fleɪʃ(ə)n] – дефляция

a reduction in the amount of money in a country's economy, so that prices fall or stop rising

E.g. It had all started to look quite promising. <...> in Japan the early signs from the new government's anti-deflation approach were encouraging.

16) depositor [dɪ'pɔzɪtə] – вкладчик

a person who deposits money in a bank or who has a bank account

E.g. Russian depositors are typically smaller savers and entrepreneurs.

17) diminished – малочисленный

to become smaller or less

E. g. It is a significant moment in the journey British forces have taken in Helmand, marking the first of a number of "lasts" in the next 18 months, as the UK's military and civilian involvement in the province winds down, and their teams become ever more diminished.

18) economic bubble – экономический пузырь

An economic bubble (sometimes referred to as a speculative bubble, a market bubble, a price bubble, a financial bubble, aspeculative mania or a balloon) is "trade in high volumes at prices that are considerably at variance with intrinsic values". It could also be described as a trade in products or assets with inflated values.

E. g. While some economists deny that bubbles occur, the cause of bubbles remains a challenge to those who are convinced that asset prices often deviate strongly from intrinsic values.

19) embassy – посольство

A staff of diplomatic representatives headed by an ambassador.

E. g. The British embassy in Kabul is sending people home, as is Helmand's provincial reconstruction team (PRT), which has been behind multimillion-pound efforts to rebuild schools, hospitals and roads in the past seven years.

E. g. The British embassy in Kabul is sending people home, as is Helmand's provincial reconstruction team (PRT), which has been behind multimillion-pound efforts to rebuild schools, hospitals and roads in the past seven years.

20) endorsement – поддержка (одобрение)

E. g. Carter believes the 21,000 ANSF soldiers in Helmand will be able to manage whatever the Taliban throw at them, but he qualifies the endorsement, saying people in the UK should not be surprised if Isaf has to ride to the rescue on occasions.

E. g. The candidates competed for the union's endorsement.

21) engulf [ɪn'gʌlf] – поглощать

E. g. The crisis which began in early 2010 and engulfed Greece has found its latest prey in Italy.

22) failure ['feɪljə] – неудавшееся дело

an act or instance of failing or proving unsuccessful

E. g. The contagion effect from failure of Italy is too big to fathom.

23) hammer out – говорить о чём-л. в подробностях; приходить к решению после длительного обсуждения

to form or produce (an agreement, plan, etc.) after much discussion or dispute

E. g. The exact details of this "two-tier system" would be hammered out with the banks later on Tuesday.

24) impoverished – обедневший

E. g. EU foreign ministers have agreed to ease sanctions against Zimbabwe but will not allow a controversial mining company in the impoverished African country to export gold or diamonds until after national elections in the summer.

25) insurgent – повстанец, мятежник

E. g. At least nine people have been killed and 17 wounded after insurgents detonated an oil tanker packed with explosives inside a government compound in the Iraqi city of Tikrit, police said.

26) joint operation – совместная операция

E. g. Royal Marines from Alpha Company, 40 Commando, during a joint operation with Danish and Afghan forces in December.

27) jointly – совместно

E. g. Washington also concluded three years of negotiations with Seoul andsigned an agreement last week to respond jointly to North Korean provocations.

28) leeway – свобода действий

E.g. South Korea gives military leeway to answer North

29) loss – ущерб, потеря

An amount of money lost by a business or organization

E.g. Toyota has spent much of the last year trying to leave behind what has been a tumultuous four years in which the automaker booked its largest loss ever

30) menacing

31) missile – снаряд, ракета

E.g. Mr. Kim threatened to rain missiles on the American mainland and the United States

32) overproduction [ˌəuvəprə'dʌkʃ(ə)n]

to produce in excess of need or demand

E.g. In reality, the problem is overproduction of low-value milk for which there is a limited market.

33) pool [puːl] – объединять в общий фонд

to combine your money, ideas, skills etc with those of other people so that you can all use them

E.g. Lord Heseltine said the Government should pool billions of pounds of regional spending into a single fund...

34) rescue loan ['reskjuː] [ləun] – спасательные займы

the act of rescuing with sum of money lent at interest on condition of being returned

E.g. The seizures were meant to raise 5.8 billion euros ($7.5 billion) in order to qualify for 10 billion euros ($12.9 billion) in rescue loans from international creditors.

35) rescue workers – спасатели

People occupied in emergency services and rescue services providing public safety.

E.g. Rescue workers with cranes were trying to pull away the rubble, while buried victims were using their mobile phones to try and call for help.

36) to retaliate – отвечать на агрессию, мстить

E.g. The South was seen as not retaliating after North Korea aimed an artillery barrage at a South Korean island in 2010, killing four people

37) riot – бунт, бунтовать

E.g.: The United Nations criticised Turkey yesterday over claims that it forced hundreds of Syrians to return to their country after a riot at a refugee camp.

38) sabre-rattling – угроза применения военной силы

the ostentatious display of military power (with the implied threat that it might be used)

E.g.: North Korea has been engaged in a massive display of sabre-rattling in recent days, declaring that it was in a "state of war" with its far wealthier and more powerful southern neighbour.

39) setback – регресс, повторение

E.g.: "People should not be surprised if there is a setback that needs to be dealt with, because Afghanistan is still a very difficult place and there is a good deal more work to be done."

40) skirmish

41) span – период времени

E.g.: Police officials say the attacks, mostly car bombings, targeted mainly small restaurants, groups of labourers and bus stops in the Iraqi capital, over a span of more than two hours

42) stagnation [stæg'neɪʃ(ə)n] – застой, стагнация, отсутствие развития

E.g.: The economy might escape another year of stagnation.

43) stock market – фондовый рынок

A stock market or equity market is a public entity (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete entity) for the trading of company stock (shares) and derivatives at an agreed price; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately.

E.g.: The size of the world stock market was estimated at about $36.6 trillion at the beginning of October 2008.

44) stock market crash – крах фондового рынка

45) subsidiary – дочерняя компания

A company whose voting stock is more than 50% controlled by another company, usually referred to as the parent company or holding company

E.g.: Piraeus, Greece's third-biggest lender, said it has signed an agreement to acquire all of the deposits, loans and branches owned by the Greek subsidiaries of three Cypriot banks - Bank of Cyprus, Laiki, and the Hellenic Bank - for 524m euros.

46) suicide bomber – террорист-смертник

E.g. Suicide bomber kills 40 outside mosque in Maimana.

47) to target – целиться

E.g.: Police officials say the attacks, mostly car bombings, targeted mainly small restaurants, groups of labourers and bus stops in the Iraqi capital, over a span of more than two hours

48) to bridge the gap – ликвидировать разрыв

E.g.: His successor, Lakhdar Brahimi, has pursued the Geneva plan, but has failed to bridge gaps between the United States and Russia, which resists Western demands for Assad's removal.

49) to exacerbate [ɪg'zæsəbeɪt] – усиливать, обострять

E.g.: It has in the past been accused of covering up the extent of bird flu outbreaks, exacerbating fears when new cases are reported.

50) To withdraw [wɪð'drɔː] --> withdrawal – ретироваться, отменять

E.g.: France plans to withdraw its troops from Mali next month, with West African countries expected to take over in the run-up to elections due in Jul.

51) toll – жертвы

E.g.: Death toll rises fast with dozens reportedly killed and up to 160 injured as Islamist militants wage sectarian war.

52) to trigger – инициировать, дать начало

E.g.: There were fears that the country's possible exit from the euro would trigger a loss of confidence across the single currency bloc.

53) tumultuous – шумный, буйный, беспокойный

E.g.: The measures are designed to prevent a run on the banks after a tumultuous two weeks in which Cypriot account holders learnt they would lose billions of euros in an accord drawn up by the government to secure a €10bn bail-out from international lenders.

54) calamity [kə'læmətɪ]

1. An event that brings terrible loss, lasting distress, or severe affliction; a disaster

2. Dire distress resulting from loss or tragedy

E.g.: Would a Greek exit from the euro be a catastrophe or a calamity, or is that what happens without an exit?

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