Excess-value duties.

Foreign direct investment -is direct investment into production in a country by a company in another country, either by buying a company in the target country or by expanding operations of an existing business in that country, which is done for many reasons including to take advantage of cheaper wages,and/or for special investment privileges such as tax exemptions offered by the country as an incentive to gain tariff-free access to the markets of the country or the region.

Foreign exchange – a system or institution for changing the money of one country for the money of another country or the money that a country obtains through this system.

Franchising - A long-term cooperative relationship between two entities that is based on an agreement granting the franchisee the right to use a developed concept, including trademarks and brand names, production, service and marketing methods and the entire business operation model, for a fee.

Freight -is goods or produce transported, generally for commercial gain, by ship or aircraft, although the term is now extended to intermodal train, van or truck. In modern times, containers are used in most long-haul cargo transport.

Government controls -Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade. Trade barriers include tariffs and non-tariff barriers (Import licenses, Export licenses,Import quotas, Subsidies, Voluntary Export Restraints,Local content requirements, Embargo,Currency devaluation,Trade restriction)

Handling – coordination and integration of operations such as unpacking, re-packing, packaging and movement of materials or goods over short distances.

Harmonization codes -is an internationally standardized system of names and numbers for classifying traded products developed and maintained by the World Customs Organization. It comprises about 5,000 commodity groups; each identified by a six digit code, arranged in a legal and logical structure and is supported by well-defined rules to achieve uniform classification. The system is used by more than 200 countries and economies as a basis for their Customs tariffs and for the collection of international trade statistics.

Import licenses - is a document issued by a national government authorizing the importation of certain goods into its territory. Import licenses are considered to be non-tariff barriers to trade when used as a way to discriminate against another country's goods in order to protect a domestic industry from foreign competition.

Indirect exporting - Exports that are not handled directly by the manufacturer or producer but through an export agent or freight forwarder or other middleman.

Insurance -is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment.

Letter of credit - a commitment by a bank on behalf of the buyer that payment will be made to the exporter provided that the terms and conditions have been met, as verified through the presentation of all required documents.

Licensing - The granting of permission to use intellectual property rights, such as trademarks, patents, or technology, under defined conditions.

Дата добавления: 2015-10-29