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The meaning of an increased tumor marker level depends on the specific marker, the person's medical history, and why the test was done. Knowledge of the patient's history and additional tests and physical examinations are needed to correctly interpret tumor marker test results.
Key Terms:
AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein)/ A tumor marker associated with liver, testicular, and ovarian cancer.
Beta-HCG (Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin). A tumor marker associated with testicular cancer and tumors, such as choriocarcinoma and molar pregnancies, that begin in placental cells called trophoblasts.
Biopsy. The process of taking a sample of tumor tissue through a needle.
CA 15-3 (Cancer antigen 15-3). A tumor marker associated with breast cancer.
CA 19-9 (Cancer antigen 19-9). A tumor marker associated with pancreatic cancer.
CA 27-29 (Breast carcinoma-associated antigen). A tumor marker associated with breast cancer.
CA 125 (Cancer antigen 125). A tumor marker associated with ovarian cancer.
CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen).A tumor marker associated with many cancers, especially liver, intestinal, and pancreatic.
Prognosis. The predicted outcome of a disease.
A tumor marker associated with prostate cancer.
Sensitivity. A test's ability to detect all cases of a disease.
Serial measurements A series of measurements looking for an increase or decrease over time.
Specificity. A test's ability to detect only the disease in question.
Tumor markers. Biochemicals produced by tumor cells or by the body in response to tumor cells. Their levels in the blood help evaluate people for certain kinds of cancer.
Resources:
Books
Eissa, S. Tumor Markers. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
Henry, John B. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 20th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 2001.
Wu, James T., and Robert M. Makamura. Human Circulating Tumor Markers: Current Concepts and Clinical Applications. Chicago: American Society of Clinical Pathologists Press (ASCP) Press, 1997.
Periodicals
Bast, R. C., P. Ravdin, D. F. Hayes, and others. "2000 Update Recommendations for the Use of Tumor Markers in Breast and Colorectal Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 19, no. 6 (2001).
Daugaard, G. "The Clinical Use of Tumor Markers in Germ Cell Cancer." Journal of Tumor Marker Oncology 16, no. 1 (2001).
Eriksson, B., K. Oberg, M. Stridsberg. "Tumor Markers in Neuroendocrine Tumors." Digestion 62, no. 1 (2000).
Lindblom, Annika, and Annelie Liljegren. "Tumor Markers in Malignancies." British Medical Journal 320 (2000): 424.
Pamies, Rubens J., and Deborah R. Crawford. "Tumor Markers. An Update." Medical Clinics of North America (January, 1996): 185-99.
Ruckdeschel, John C. "Update in Oncology." Annals of Internal Medicine 131 (1999): 760-7.
Salgia, R., D. Harpole, J. E. Herndon, and others. "Role of Serum Tumor Markers CA125 and CEA in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer." Anticancer Research 21, no. 2 (2001).
Organizations
American Cancer Society. 1599 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-4251. (800) 227-2345. http://www.cancer.org
American Society of Clinical Oncology. 225 Reinekers Lane, Suite 650, Alexandria, VA 22314. (703) 299-0150. http://www.asco.org
National Cancer Institute. Building 31, Room 10A31, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2580, Bethesda, MD 20892-2580. (800) 422-6237. http://www.nci.nih.gov
Other
National Cancer Institute. "Screening for Ovarian Cancer." May 1998. 11 June 1998. 17 July 2001 http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov/clinpdq/screening/Screening_for_ovarian_cancer_Physician.html.
National Cancer Institute. "Screening for Prostate Cancer." May 1998. 11 June 1998. 17 July 2001 http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov/clinpdq/screening/Screening_for_prostate_cancer_Physician.html.
National Cancer Institute. "NCI Fact Sheet: Tumor Markers." April 1998. 17 July 2001 http://www.oncolink.upenn.edu/pdq_html/6/engl/600518.html.
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