Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which produces characteristic tuberculous changes in the lung. This disease may also affect other organs: bones, joints, lymphatic glands, kidneys, etc. The causative agent of tuberculosis was discovered by Koch in 1882.

In the early stage of tuberculosis the patient usually complains of a general malaise, fatigue, loss of appetite and bodyweight. Cough may be dry or productive, i. e. with sputum discharge. Coughing becomes worse at night and in the morning. In patients with cavities in the lungs coughing is accompanied by a considerable discharge of sputum.

Sputum is mucopurulent. Its microscopic examination reveals a large number of pus corpuscles, erythocytes, and tuberculous organisms. Blood in the sputum is sometimes the first sign of tuberculosis. If large blood vessels are involved the discharge of blood may become profuse.

Fever is one of the permanent symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis. In benign processes the body temperature is often subfebrile. In active forms it may range from 38° to 39°C. A considerable elevation of temperature is observed in pneumonic forms, when fever persists at a level of 38°C and higher for several months.

Cold profuse perspiration at night is sometimes evidence of a severe form of tuberculosis. Loss of body weight is one of the typical signs of pulmonary tuberculosis. It is caused by tuberculous intoxication, a sharp increase in the metabolic rate and loss of appetite. Loss of body weight is particularly marked in progressive forms of the disease.

Exercise 8. Answer the following questions:

1. What kind of disease is pulmonary tuberculosis?

2. What is the causative agent of this disease? Who was it discovered by and when?

3. What may pulmonary tuberculosis affect besides lungs?

4. What are the complaints of a patient in the early stages of tuberculosis?

5. What may be present in the sputum that indicates tuberculosis immediately?

6. When may the discharge of blood become profuse?

7. What are the ranges of temperature in different forms of tuberculosis?

8. What else serves as evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis?

Exercise 9. Find the English equivalents in the text:

Туберкульоз легенів; викликаний мікобактерією; викликати характерні туберкульозні зміни в легенях; вражати кісти, суглоби, лімфатичні вузли, нирки; збудник захворювання; на ранній стадії туберкульозу; загальне нездужання; втома, втомленість; втрата ваги; сухий кашель; кашель з виділенням мокротиння; кров в мокротинні; значне підвищення температури; температура тримається на рівні 38 градусів; надмірне потовиділення; бути ознакою захворювання; прогресивні форми туберкульозу.

Exercise 10. Re-write the sentences translating the words and word-combinations in brackets:

1. It is sometimes difficult to make a correct diagnosis (на ранніх стадіях) of some diseases. 2. (Втрата апетиту) is a very important symptom, which a physician must always pay particular attention to. 3. (Підвищення температури) has been persisting for several months since it was a pneumonic form of tuberculosis. 4. Dullness in the lungs, accelerated respiration, dry or moist rales and crepitation may be (доказом) of lobular pneumonia. 5. (Різке збільшення) of the number of leucocytes is often the evidence of a certain inflammatory process in the human body. 6. Productive cough can (супроводжується) by fever. 7. People with (туберкульозом легенів) usually suffer from (втрати апетиту та втрати ваги). 8. During (вдиху) (сухі хрипи) may be heard over the affected area of the lung.

Exercise 11. Fill in the table with appropriate translation of the terms:

English	Ukrainian	English	Ukrainian
1. tuberculosis	1.	6.	6. рясне виділення крові
2.	2. мокротіння	7.	7.доброякісні процеси
3.	3. гнійні тільця	8. in the early stage	8.
4. bones, joints, lymphatic glands, kidneys	4.	9.	9.різке підвищення
5.	5. кров’яні сосуди	10. bodyweight	10.

Exercise 12. Put questions to the underlined word(s):

1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis.

2. This disease may also affect other organs: bones, joints, lymphatic glands, kidneys.

3. Cough may be dry or productive.

4. Coughing becomes worse at night and in the morning.

5. A considerable elevation of temperature is observed in pneumonic forms.

6. Loss of body weight is one of the typical signs of pulmonary tuberculosis.

7. Cold profuse perspiration at night is the evidence of a severe form of tuberculosis.

8. Loss of body weight is particularly marked in progressive forms of the disease.

Exercise 13. Put the verb in brackets into he correct form:

1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (produce) characteristic tuberculous changes in the lung.

2. The causative agent of tuberculosis (to discover) by Koch in 1882.

3. In the early stage of tuberculosis the patient (to complain) of a general malaise, fatigue, loss of appetite and bodyweight.

4. The microscopic examination (to reveal) a large number of pus corpuscles in sputum.

5. Fever (to persist) at a level of 38°C and higher for several months.

6. Cold profuse perspiration at night (to serve) sometimes evidence of a severe form of tuberculosis.

7. A considerable elevation of temperature (to observe) in pneumonic forms, when fever (to persist) at a level of 38°C and higher for several months.

8. Loss of body weight (to cause) by tuberculous intoxication, a sharp increase in the metabolic rate and loss of appetite.

Exercise 14. Explain the following terms:

pulmonary tuberculosis; cough; sputum

Дата добавления: 2015-10-29