I: Outlining

As you finish reading the passage, fill in the outline below. Begin will Paragraph 4: 4) Product layout: definition; 5) Advantages of produclayout; 6) Disadvantages of product layout; 7) Functional layout: definition; 8) Advantages of process layout; 9) Disadvantages of process layout

J: Writing a paragraph

Notice that Paragraphs 5, 6, and 7 are comparable to Paragraphs 8. 9. and 10. They are about different topics, but the method of discussion is similar. Noticing the overall structure of a composition, like noticing the structure of a paragraph, will help you to remember the content. We refer to this overall structure of the composition as the organization of the composition.

There are many ways to organize a composition. The organization should contribute to explaining the topic. For example, in this particu­lar passage there is a definition of layout followed by a comparison of the two general types of layout. The two comparisons are presented in the last six paragraphs, and the discussions are parallel in organization.

Reread Paragraphs 7 and 9. Notice that certain disadvantages of product layout may sometimes be advantages for process layout. Look at the following outline, which presents four points of comparison. Using this outline, write a paragraph contrasting these two methods of production.

1. Results of Breakdowns

a. (for product layout) total line shutdown

b. (for process layout) no total line shutdown

2. Types of Machines

a. (for product layout) specialized machinery for particular jobs, not easily adapted for other jobs

b. (for process layout) general type machinery, adaptable to other purposes

3. Volume

a) (for product layout) high volume of identical products

b) (for process layout) low volume of varied products

4. Employee Attitude

a) (for product layout) routine work results in low employee morale

b) (for process layout) pride of workmanship, high employee morale

K Rephrasing words and expressions

Rewrite the following sentences. Substitute expressions from the text for the underlined words, phrases, and clauses.

1. In a well thought out factory layout, everything is set up so that the product and workers proceed in an orderly manner with the greatest efficiency.

2. Proper layout is necessary to prevent products from bunching up at one point on the assembly line and to prevent accumulation of unsold and semi-finished products.

3. A good layout should take the worker into account so that the work place has a pleasant atmosphere.

4. An efficient layout helps workers produce more while controlling costs.

5. Plants and buildings are costly, and the cost is determined by the amount of space involved.

6. With product layout, the factory is designed especially for a certain product.

7. The use of the assembly line lowers the cost for producing one individual item.

8. Raw materials are used up at constant rates.

9. A disadvantage is that if something goes wrong on the assembly line, the entire line is closed down.

10. Finished products roll off the assembly line at one point where it is easy to load them on pallets and send them out on trucks.

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