THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
У п о т р е б л е н и е.
Past Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, завершившегося к какому-либо моменту в прошлом. Этот момент может быть выражен:
а) при помощи конкретного указания времени с предлогом by.
Eg.: We had learned all the rules Мы выучили все правила
by Friday. к пятнице.
б) при помощи другого действия, выраженным глаголом в Past Indefinite.
Eg.:When I came home, Mother Когда я пришел домой, мама had cooked supper. приготовила ужин.
Если мы имеем дело с перечислением последовательных действий в прошлом, употребляется Past Indefinite.
Eg.: He got up, dressed, then he had Он встал, оделся, затем
coffee and left for his office. выпил кофе и ушел на работу.
О б р а з о в а н и е.
Утвердительная форма.
Past Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола tohave в прошедшем времени (had) и 3-й формы смыслового глагола.
| had + VIII |
I had done my work by 6 p.m.
They had done their work by 6 p.m.
Отрицательная форма.
Образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола.
Eg.: She had not read the book Она не прочитала книгу
by the end of the week. к концу недели.
Вопросительная форма.
Образуется при помощи перестановки вспомогательного глагола had на первое место перед подлежащим.
| 0 место - вопросит. слово | 1 место - вспомог. глагол | 2 место - подлежа- щее | 3 место - смысл. глагол | 4 место - дополне- ние | 5 место - обст-во |
| Why | had | he | written | the poem | by the end of the party? |
| Had | she | done | the work | by 5 o'clock? |
На русский язык Past Perfect переводится прошедшим временем совершенным видом.
У П Р А Ж Н Е Н И Я
Упр.102. Скажите, какое действие совершилось до другого действия или момента в прошлом.
1. He had done all the work by 5 o'clock yesterday. 2. By the time mother came home the children had cleaned the room. 3. The pupils hadn't done the sum before the bell rang. 4. I hadn't read the book when it was time to give it back to the library. 5. He went for a walk after he had done his homework. 6. Had he finished his work by the time you came? 7. The streets were wet. It had rained for a long time. 8. He said they had left Moscow a week before.
Упр 103. Вы вернулись домой спустя много лет и узнали, что многое изменилось. Закончите предложения, используя слова в скобках.
Model: Most of my friends were no longer here. (leave)
Most of my friends were no longer here as they had left.
1. My best friend Kevin was no longer there. (go away)
2. The local cinema was no longer open. (close down)
3. Mr.Hendrix was no longer alive. (die)
4. I didn't recognize Mrs.Smith. (change a lot)
5. Bill no longer had his car. (sell)
Упр. 104. Ответьте на вопросы, используя Past Perfect.
Model:- Why didn't you listen to the play on the radio?(hear)
- I didn't listen to the play on the radio, becauseI had heard it before.
1. Why didn't you see Fred when you came to Moscow? (leave)
2. Why didn't Kate want to go to the cinema? (see the film)
3. Why did you tell him your address? (forget)
4. Why did you come home so soon after your holidays? (spend all the money)
5. Why couldn't you get into your flat at once? (lose the key)
6. What did you learn about Harry? (marry)
7. What did you read in the newspaper about the expedition? (return)
8. What did he learn about Helen from the letter? (be ill for a month)
Упр.105. Составьте предложения, используя слова в скобках.
Model: I was afraid to go by plane. (not to fly before)
I was afraid to go by plane. I had not flown before.
1. The woman was a complete stranger to me. (not to see before)
2. Margaret was late for work. Her boss was very surprised. (not to be late before)
3. Jane played tennis yesterday and won the game (to train well)
4. It was my first driving lesson. I was very nervous. (never to drive before)
5. Tom wasn't at home when I arrived. (to go out)
6. We arrived at the cinema late. (the film \ to begin)
7. When I came to them, Ann was washing the dishes. (to have dinner)
8. I invited her for dinner yesterday but she refused. (to make an arrangement with smb. else)
9. I was very pleased to see Nora again after such a long time. (not to see her for five years)
10. The house was very quiet when I got home. (everybody \ to go to bed)
11. I was late. (the car \ to break down)
Упр. 106. Закончите предложения, используя слова в скобках.
Model: When we got to the theatre, the play (to start already).
When we got to the theatre the play had already started.
1. When she went to bed she remembered that she (not to lock the door).
2. She felt tired because she (to work too hard).
3. She went for a holiday after she (to pass all the exams).
4. I didn't know what to do when I (to spend all the money).
5. I didn't look at her gift until after she (to go).
6. I was very sorry to hear that he (to die).
7. He didn't start eating until (to wash his hands)
8. When I met Helen, I understood why Bill (to marry her).
9. He understood the book only after he (to read it twice).
Упр.107. Объедините пары предложений в одно, используя:
1. союз "after".
Model: He had lunch. He relaxed.
After he had had lunch he relaxed.
1. He spoke to the doctor. He felt much better.
2. I caught a cold. I stayed in bed for three days.
3. They had lunch at a cafe. He saw (провожать) her home.
4. He gave a big party. He broke a world record.
5. He recovered. He went back to work.
6. She decided to go to a holiday camp together with her friends. She let them know about it.
7. They saw all the sights of the city. Then they left.
в) союз "before".
Model: He called up his friends. Then he came to see them.
He had called up his friends before he came to see them.
1. The tourists saw most of the historic places. Then they left the city.
2. They phoned different hotels. Then they found a good one.
3. He booked rooms at the hotel. The he went sightseeing.
4. She swam in the sea. Then she lay in the sun.
5. We made friends. Then he joined us on our tourist trip.
6. She told them about the holiday camp. They decided to go there for a holiday.
С) союзы в скобках.
Model: a) They went home. They finished their work. (after)
They went home after they had finished their work.
b) The sun set. I was ready to go. (before)
The sun had set before I was ready to go.
1. She tore up the letter. She read it. (as soon as)
2. He died. He was very ill. (before)
3. I didn't understand the problem. He explained. (until)
4. She wrote the letter. She went to the post-office. (after)
5. I arrived in Odessa. My friend left the city. (when)
6. She read the message carefully. She wrote the reply. (before)
7. He left the room. I turned on the radio. (as soon as)
8. He had dinner. He went to his office. (after)
9. The man didn't leave. He didn't receive a definite answer. (till)
10.We didn't disturb him. He finished his work. (until)
11.We reached the football ground. The game started. (when)
12.John worked as a good builder. He studied architecture. (before)
13.Harry couldn't leave for home. He completed everything. (till)
14.The river became deeper. It rained heavily. (after)
1. Model: He made so many mistakes. The teacher wanted to know
why.
The teacher wanted to know why he had made so many
mistakes.
1. I got the tickets to the hockey match. My friend wanted to know how.
2. The child fell ill. The parents wanted to know why.
3. She left the party so early. He wanted to know why.
4. He didn't join us when we went to the theatre. We didn't understand why.
5. They made friends. She didn't remember how.
6. I promised to bring my friend a book. I forgot what book.
Упр.108*. Раскройте скобки, употребляя Past Indefinite или Past Perfect.
A.
1. When I (to come) home, mother already (to cook) dinner. 2. When father (to return) from work, we already (to do) our homework. 3. When the teacher (to enter) the classroom, the pupils already (to open) their books. 4. Kate (to give) me the book which she (to buy) the day before. 5. Nick (to show) the picture which he (to draw). 6. The boy (to give) some milk to the cat when he (to bring) it from the shop. 7. Mother (to see) that Nick (not to wash) his hands. 8. The teacher (to understand) that Ann (not to do) her homework. 9. I (to know) that my friend (not to come) yet. 10. Tom (to return) from the cinema at 5 o'clock. 11. Tom (to return) from the cinema by 5 o'clock. 12. I (to finish) my work at 7 o'clock. 13. I (to finish) my work by 7 o'clock. 14. He (to think) that he (to lose) the money. 15. Alice (to tell) me that she (to see) an interesting film. 16. When I (to wake) up yesterday father already (to go) for work. 17. Nick thought that his father (not to come) home yet. 18. Marry (to tell) us that she (to cook) a good dinner. 19. Yesterday I (to find) a book which I (to lose) in summer. 20. When we (to come) to the station the train already (to leave).
B.
1. They (to finish) all the preparations for the party by 5 o'clock. 2. On leaving the hospital the man (to thank) the doctor who (to cure) him of his illness. 3. In the morning all the passengers (to feel) good after they (to sleep) well at night. 4. During my last visit to the picture gallery I (to find) that I no longer (to like) the pictures which (to impress) me earlier. Evidently my taste (to change). 5. Last night he (to finish) the experiment which he (to begin) some months before. 6. When she (to open) the drawer she (to see) that the money (to disappear). 7. They (to be) friend for 10 years before I met them. 8. Everybody (to be) at the bus station but the guide (not to come) yet. 9. He (to find) her even more beautiful than he (to expect). 10. She (to read) in his eyes what he (to want) to say before he (to say) it. 11. We (to stay) at the station for the night because we (to miss) the train. 12. Marry (to remember) the night when she (to find) Lanny on the ground and (to bring) him to the house. 13. She (to understand) why he (not to come) the day before. 14. When Gemma (to finish) reading the letter she (to understand) that she (to lose) Arthur for ever.
Упр. 109*. Раскройте скобки, употребляя Past Indefinite, Past Continuous или Past Perfect.
A.
1. By 8 o'clock yesterday I (to do) my homework. And at 8 o'clock I (to play) the piano. 2. By 6 p.m. father (to come) home and at 7 he (to have) dinner. 3. By 9 o'clock yesterday grandmother (to wash) the dishes and at nine she (to watch) TV. 4. When I (to meet) Tom, he (to eat) an ice-cream which he (to buy) at the corner of the street. 5. When I (to come) home my sister (to read) a book which she (to take) from the library. 6. When mother (to come) home the children (to eat) soup which she (to cook) in the morning. 7. When I (to ring up) Michael, he still (to learn) the poem which he (to begin) learning at school. 8. When I (to look) out of the window the children (to play) with the toys which Peter (to bring) from home. 9. When father came home, we (to cook) the mushrooms which we (to gather) in the wood. 10. When I (to see) Ann she (to sort) the flowers which she (to pick) in the field.
B.
1. She (to come) to see us just at the time when we (to have) dinner. It (to be) the first time when I (to see) her. 2. I (to see) him just as he (to come) out of the hotel. 3. He (to leave) the house before I (to have) time to ask him anything. 4. He (to tell) me he (to learn) it from newspapers. 5. He (to enter) the room, (to take) something from the desk and (to go) out. 6. There (to be) two men in the room. One of the men (to write) something while the other (to read) a book. 7. He (not to tell) me that he (to receive) a telegram from her. 8. I (to ask) him if he (to know) where she (to live). 9. She (to say) that he (to give) the wrong address to her. 10. I (to ask) him where he (to put) my letter. 11. He (to tell) us that he (to spend) all the money. 12. I (to find) the old man in the garden. He (to talk) to the children who (to stand) around him. 13. He spoke a language we never (to hear) before.
Упр. 110*. Раскройте скобки, употребляя Present Perfect, Past Indefinite, Past Continuous или Past Perfect. Обратите внимание, что все эти времена соответствуют русскому прошедшему времени.
A.
1. I just (to see) Jack! 2. She (to wash) the dishes from 5 till 6. 3. Look! She (to draw) a very nice picture. 4. At this time yesterday I (to talk) to my friends. 5. The TV program (to begin) before I (to come) home. 6. I (not to eat) ice-cream since summer. 7. I understood that she (not to read) my letter. 8. She (to do) the flat when I (to come) home. 9. It's all right: she (to find) the way out of the situation. 10. He (to come) home late yesterday. 11. She is very glad: she (to finish) her composition at last. 12. He (to translate) the whole text by 7 p.m. 13. I never (to be) to Rome. 14. Last year we (to work) very much. 15. When I (to have) breakfast I went to school. 16. I (not to see) you for ages! I'm glad to see you! 17. When you (to see) the ballet? 18. My sister already (to graduate) from the Institute. 19. He repaired the toy which the boy (to break) the day before. 20. I (to see) an interesting program on TV this week. 21. They (to cook) the whole day yesterday.
B.
1. Only when she was going to bed she (to remember) that she (to forget)
to call her friend. 2. We already (to study) the Past Perfect Tense. 3. He (to spend) two weeks in Scotland two years ago. 4. I (to buy) a nice dress. Now I shall look smart at the party. 5. He (to learn) English before he (to go) to the USA. 6. When she (to spend) all her money she (to go) home. 7. I (to speak) to my friend yesterday. 8. Look! Kate (to wash) all the dishes. 9. Your mother (to return) from work? When she (to return)? 10. The cat (to drink) all the milk which I (to give) it. 11. She (to do) the flat the whole day last Sunday. 12. You ever (to be) to Piccadilly Circus? 13. He (not to read) Turgenev since he was a pupil. 14. They (to reach) the river by sunset. 15. I (not to receive) an answer to my letter yet. 16. She is very happy: her son (to enter) the Institute. 17. My brother (to train) at the stadium from 6 till 8 yesterday. 18. My sister (to buy) a pair of shoes this month. 19. When Nick (to come) home his friends (to play) in the yard. 20. When your sister (to go) to London? 21. My friend recently (to recover) from a serious illness. 22. At this time yesterday we (to talk) about you.
Упр.111*. Переведите на английский язык.
A.
1. Я нашел это письмо после того, как он уехал из города. 2. Мы получили вашу телеграмму после того, как она приехала. 3. После того, как он закончил свой доклад, мы начали задавать вопросы. 4. После того, как он снял пальто и шляпу, он пошел наверх. 5. Они уехали из Москвы после того, как подписали контракт. 6. Мы вернулись домой после того, как стемнело.
B.
1. Мы уже пришли домой, когда пошел дождь. 2. Поезд уже ушел, когда он пришел на станцию. 3. Солнце еще не взошло, когда я проснулся. 4. Мама еще не приготовила ужин, когда дети пришли домой. 5. Он вошел в класс, когда лекция уже началась. 6. Они решили этот вопрос до того, как мы приехали. 7. Он хорошо изучил английский язык до того, как поехал в Англию. 8. До того, как приехать в Москву, я жил в Минске. 9. Она выпила чашку чая перед тем, как легла спать. 10. Мы вышли из дома до того, как взошло солнце. 11. Я узнал об этом до того, как вернулся в город.
C.
1. Когда он вошел в комнату, то увидел, что Анна сидела там, где он
ее оставил. 2. На следующее утро, когда она приготовила себе завтрак, к ней пришли ее друзья. 3. Когда гости ушли, она вошла в гостиную и выключила свет. 4. Она сидела на диване и думала, почему еще не пришло письмо от отца. 5. Он вспомнил Лондон, который знал еще до войны. 6. Я не знала, куда он ушел. 7. Прежде чем он закончил рассказ, дверь открылась и вошел отец. 8. Приехав домой, он узнал, что его сестра вышла замуж. 9. Он не встречал Джона раньше, но кое-что знал о нем. 10. Когда родители вернулись, я показала им, что сделал. 11. Было гораздо холоднее, чем она предполагала. 12. Я был голоден, так как ничего не ел с самого утра.
Б У Д У Щ Е Е С О В Е Р Ш Е Н Н О Е В Р Е М Я
THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
У п о т р е б л е н и е.
Будущее совершенное употребляется для обозначения действия, которое завершится до определенного момента в будущем.
Этот момент в будущем может быть обозначен:
1. при помощи конкретного указания времени с предлогом by.
Eg.: We shall have arrived by night. Мы прибудем к ночи.
б) при помощи другого действия, выраженным глаголом в Present Indefinite (так как в придаточных предложениях времени будущее время не употребляется).
Eg.: When you come, we shall have done Когда ты придешь, мы
our work. закончим свою работу.
О б р а з о в а н и е.
Утвердительная форма.
Future Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов будущего времени shall\will, вспомогательного глагола перфектных времен have и смыслового глагола в 3-й форме.
| shall + have VIII will |
We shall have passed the exams by July.
He will have passed the exams by July.
Отрицательная форма.
Образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола shall\will.
Eg.: We shall not have passed the exams by July.
He will not have passed the exams by July.
Вопросительная форма.
Образуется при помощи перестановки первого вспомогательного глагола shall \will на первое место перед подлежащим. Второй вспомогательный глагол have встает на 3-е место вместе со смысловым глаголом.
| 0 место - вопросит. слово | 1 место - вспомог. глагол | 2 место - подлежа- щее | 3 место - смысл. глагол | 4 место - дополне- ние | 5 место - обст-во |
| How many exams | will | you | have passed | by July? | |
| Shall | we | have passed | the exams | by July? |
На русский язык Future Perfect переводится будущим временем совершенным видом.
У П Р А Ж Н Е Н И Я
Упр.112. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в форме Future Perfect. Переведите.
1. We (finish) all the housework by 5 o'clock this afternoon. 2. I (read) this book by tomorrow night. 3. Thousands of people (see) this exhibition by the end of the month. 4. They (build) this house long before the end of October. 5. They (do) half of the journey when they got to the Volga. 6. I (write) my test by the time you come back. 7. We've got five days in St. Petersburg: we are leaving on Monday, but I'm sure that we (see) everything of importance by then.
Упр.113. Ответьте на вопросы в Future Perfect, используя слова в скобках.
Model: - Will you still be asleep if I call you at 8? (get up)
- Oh, no, I will have got up by that time.
1) Will you be having dinner if I call for you at 6? (have dinner)
2) Will your father be at home at 9 on Sunday? (leave for Moscow)
3) Will the secretary be still typing the papers on Monday? (do everything)
4) Will you still be watching TV at 11 p.m.? (switch off)
5) Will he still be a student next June? (graduate)
6) Will you be shopping when we get home? (return home)
7) Will the Claptons still be living in their old flat in January? (move to a new flat)
8) Will the children be decorating the fir-tree when the guests come? (decorate)
9) Will you still be cooking dinner at 12 o'clock? (do the cooking)
10) Will you help Granny to do the flat when you come home? (finish doing the flat)
11) Shall I help to look for your key when I come back? (find)
12) Shall we be able to discuss the new film on Monday? (see the film)
13) Will you still be taking your exams in the middle of July? (pass)
14) Shall I see Mike when I return? (leave)
Упр.114. Закончите следующие предложения.
1) By the time you get into contact with them …
2) By the time the interview is over …
3) By the time he gives us some instructions …
4) Before he telephones us …
5) We shall not make any decision until …
Упр.115*. Поставьте глагол в скобках в форме Future Perfect, где это возможно.
1. The committee (to make) the plan by tomorrow. 2. The librarian (to register) all the books that (to come) to the library by the end of the week. 3. I am afraid we (not to discuss) all the questions by the time they come. 4. The boss (to look through) the papers by the time the delegation (to arrive) 5. I hope they (to receive) the letter by the holidays. 6. Let me know as soon as you (to make) an appointment with him. 7. After the clerk (to decode) the telegram he (to take) it to the chief. 8. I am sure he (to throw) some light upon this problem before the police (to arrive). 9. Don't start arguing until you (to hear) all points of view. 10. I think that when my letter (to reach) you, you (to return) from your voyage. 11. We (not to be able) to start the experiment before we (to get) the materials.
Упр.116*. Поставьте глагол в скобках в форме Present Indefinite, Future Indefinite или Future Perfect.
1. I (suppose) when I (come) back in two years' time they (pull) down all
these old houses. 2. "Your face (be) dirty, Tom." - "All right, I (wash) it." 3. "You have just missed the last train." - "Never mind, I (walk)." 4. By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work. 5. I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning. 6. If you (think) it over you (see) I'm right. 7. "I'm going to Hyde Park to hear the people making speeches." - "You (be) late. By the time you (get) there they (finish) their speeches and everybody (go) home.
Упр.117*. Переведите на английский язык.
1. К семи часам я закончу работу. 2. Мы сделаем это упражнение к 3 часам дня, а потом пойдем в магазин. 3. К 30 июня мы сдадим все экзамены. 4. Строители построят эту школу к 1 сентября. 5. Я напишу письмо к тому времени, когда придет почтальон. 6. Торопись! Поезд уйдет, когда мы доберемся до станции. 7. Я переведу эту статью к понедельнику. 8. Он уже пообедает, когда начнется фильм. 9. Если вы не поторопитесь, они уйдут раньше, чем мы придем. 10. Позвоните мне, когда прочитаете книгу. 11. Мы сделаем все до его прихода. 12. Приходите завтра в 6. Директор к этому времени подпишет все документы.
П О В Т О Р Е Н И Е
(Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect Tenses)
Упр.118. Составьте предложения.
A.
1. Recently …
2. By the time the lesson is over …
3. Already …
4. When I came home …
5. By 4 p.m. next Sunday …
6. Never …
7. By the end of last month …
8. Lately …
9. Yet …
B.
1. By 7 o’clock tomorrow
2. If you call me
3. Recently
4. In a week
5. I shall have read the book by the time …
6. When he came home …(2)
7. The other day
8. Before he called me
9. Every week
10. From 7 till 9 yesterday
Упр. 119. Ответьте на вопросы.
1) What is your friend doing?
2) What does your friend do on Sundays?
3) What have you had for breakfast today?
4) How long have you been in the classroom?
5) Where did you have dinner yesterday?
6) What were you doing when the bell rang?
7) What TV programmes had you watched before you went to bed yesterday?
8) When will you get married?
9) What shall we be doing when the lesson is over?
10) What shall we do when the lesson is over?
11) How many exams will you have passed by the end of the school year?
12) What is there in your bag?
Упр. 120. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму.
1. She let us swim in the river. 2. The girls are playing volley-ball well. 3. He will have come by tomorrow. 4. She has told us about it. 5. There are many texts in the book. 6. She will be reading a book from 5 till 7 tomorrow. 7. We have English lessons every week. 8. I had translated all the texts by last Monday. 9. There will be a meeting tomorrow. 10. Mum brought some fruit. 11. It will take us 3 hours to get there. 12.It has snowed hard today.
Упр.121*. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующие времена.
A.
1. We (to go) to school every day. 2. Nick (to do) his homework by 7 o'clock yesterday. 3. You (to help) your father tomorrow? 4. We (to bring) a lot of berries from the wood. Now we shall make jam. 5. Look! Jane (to swim) across the river. 6. What you (to do) at 6 o'clock yesterday? 7. You ever (to see) the Pyramids? 8. I (to go) to the Crimea two years ago. 9. When Nick (to come) home yesterday his mother (to return) and (to cook) dinner in the kitchen. 10. When I (to go) to school yesterday I suddenly (to remember) that I (to forget) to take a text-book on History. 11. Yesterday Grandfather (to tell) us how he (to work) at the factory during the war.
B.
1. I always (to come) to the Institute at 9. 2. Yesterday I (to come) to the
Institute at a quarter to 9. 3. Tomorrow Nick (not to go) to the cinema because he (to go) to the cinema yesterday. He already (to be) to the cinema twice this week. 4. What your brother (to do) now? 5. My friend (to like) bananas. He (to eat) bananas every day. When I (to meet) him in the street yesterday, he (to eat) a banana. He (to tell) me that he (to buy) the banana at the corner of the street. Look at my friend now! He (to eat) a banana again.
C.
1. When you (to come) to see us? - I (to come) tomorrow if I (to have) time. 2. I (not to like) apples. 3. He (to come) home at 5 o'clock yesterday. 4. I (to ring) you up as soon as I (to come) home tomorrow. 5. I (to show) you my work if you (to like). 6. He (to come) by 6 o'clock yesterday. 7. Peter certainly (to help) you with your English if you (to ask) him. 8. The little boy never (to see) a crocodile. 9. Send me a telegram as soon as you (to arrive). 10. Let's go for a walk. The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine). 11. If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well. 12. I always (to get up) at 7 o'clock but tomorrow I (to get up) a bit earlier. 13. What you (to read) now? - I (to read) Tom's book. I (to be) in a hurry. Tom soon (to come) and I (to want) to finish reading the book before he (to come). 14. As soon as you (to see) your friend tell him that I (to want) to see him.
ГРУППА СОВЕРШЕННО-ПРОДОЛЖЕННЫХ ВРЕМЕН
T H E P E R F E C T C O N T I N U O U S
T E N S E S
Совершенно-продолженные времена выражают действие, начавшееся раньше определенного момента в прошлом, настоящем или будущем, и длившегося до этого момента, иногда и включая этот момент.
Группа Perfect Continuous имеет три времени: настоящее (Present Perfect Continuous), прошедшее (Past Perfect Continuous) и будущее (Future Perfect Continuous).
Все времена группы Perfect Continuous образуются при помощи перфектного вспомогательного глагола to have в соответствующем времени, 3-й формы вспомогательного глагола продолженного времени to be и смыслового глагола в 4-й форме (основа с окончанием -ing).
Например:
I have been studying English for five years.
Я изучаю английский язык 5 лет. (Я начал изучать английский язык 5 лет назад, изучал его все это время и в момент разговора все еще изучаю.)
He left for the station after he had been waiting for you for 20 minutes.
Он ушел на вокзал после того, как прождал тебя 20 минут.
I shall have been studying at the Institute for 2 years by the end of the school year.
Я буду учиться в институте на протяжении двух лет к концу этого года.
НАСТОЯЩЕЕ СОВЕРШЕННО-ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
У п о т р е б л е н и е.
Present Perfect Continuous обозначает:
1) Действие, которое началось и протекало до момента речи, то есть до настоящего момента, и продолжается в момент речи, то есть в настоящее время.
Предложение в этом случае содержит указание на момент, когда началось данное действие (с помощью предлога since) или в предложении указано, как долго длилось это действие (с помощью предлога for).
В этом случае Present Perfect Continuous переводится на русский язык глаголом в настоящем времени.
Eg.:
He has been sleeping since 10 p.m. Он спит с 10 часов вечера.
I have been cooking dinner since I Я готовлю обед с тех пор,
returned home. как пришла домой.
They have been playing tennis for Они играют в теннис два
two hours. часа.
Вопрос о продолжительности действия обычно начинается со слов How long…? (сколько времени? как долго?) или Since when…? (с какого времени? с какого момента?)
Eg.:
How long have you been studying Сколько времени ты уже
at the Institute? учишься в институте?
Since when have you been С какого времени ты
working? работаешь?
2) Действие, которое длилось вплоть до настоящего момента, но в настоящий момент, то есть в момент речи, уже не происходит. В этом случае указание на время just (только что) либо выражено, либо подразумевается.
Eg.:
Show me the book you have (just) Покажи мне книгу, которую
been reading. ты (только что) читал.
Your eyes are red. You have been У тебя красные глаза. Ты
crying? плакал?
В этом случае Present Perfect Continuous переводится на русский язык глаголом прошедшего времени несовершенного вида.
Глаголы, не имеющие форму Continuous, вместо Present Perfect Continuous стоят в форме Present Perfect.
Eg.:
I have heard nothing from you Я ничего не слышал от тебя
since Sunday. с воскресенья.
О б р а з о в а н и е.
Утвердительная форма.
Present Perfect Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Present Perfect (have been, has been) и смыслового глагола в 4-й форме (основа +- ing).
| have + been V ing has |
I (we, you, they) have been working.
He (she, it) has been working.
Отрицательная форма.
В отрицательном предложении отрицательная частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола have\has.
Eg.: I have not been working.
He has not been working.
Вопросительная форма.
Она образуется при помощи перестановки первого вспомогательного глагола have\has и подлежащего - вспомогательный глагол ставится на первое место перед подлежащим.
Eg.: Have you been working?
Has he been working?
У П Р А Ж Н Е Н И Я
Упр.122. Поставьте следующие глаголы в форме Present Perfect Continuous.
to speak, to carry, to write, to prepare, to build, to sleep, to play, to study, to discuss
Упр.123. Объедините два предложения в одно, используя Present Perfect Continuous.
Model: It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago.
It has been raining for two hours.
1. Boris is studying History. He began studying it three hours ago.
2. I'm learning Spanish. I started learning Spanish in December.
3. Ann is looking for a job. She began it six months ago.
4. Nick is working in London. He started working there in 1998.
5. George smokes. He started smoking five years ago.
Упр.124. Задайте вопросы по ситуациям, начинающиеся с "How long…?"Ответьте на них.
1. My foot is hurting.
2. Mike plays chess.
3. Jim sells washing machines.
4. Tom lives in High Street.
5. My sister studies German.
6. I study at the Institute.
7. I am having dinner.
8. They are talking.
9. Bob is watching TV.
10. The children are playing in the yard.
Упр. 125. Завершите ситуацию, используя Present Perfect Continuous и слова в скобках.
Model: Tom is out of breath. (to run)
He has been running.
1. Ann is very tired. (to work hard)
2. Bob has a black eye and Bill has a cut lip. (to fight)
3. Bob has just come back from the beach. His skin is very red. (to lie in the sun)
4. His hands are covered with oil. (to work on the car)
5. Her eyes are red. (to cry)
6. The child's lips are dirty. (to eat ice-cream)
7. He looks sleepy. (to sleep)
Упр.126. Задайте вопросы по ситуации, используя Present Perfect Continuous.
Model: John's hands are dirty. (to work in the garden?)
Has he been working in the garden?
1. You have just arrived to meet your friend who is waiting for you. (to wait long?)
2. You see a little boy. His eyes are red and watery. (to cry?)
3. Your friend comes in. He looks tired. (to work?)
4. Your friend has shown good results in the sport competition. (to train much?)
5. She lives in Moscow (how long \ to live?)
6. Marry has made a wonderful report. (to work at the report for a long time?)
Упр. 127. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. Have you finished writing your report? (Yes, …) How long have you been working at it? How much time did it take you to write the introductory part?
2. When did you come to Kirov? What city have you come from? How long have you been living in Kirov?
3. Have you lost your pen? (Yes, …) When did you lose it? Have you looked for it everywhere? How long have you been looking for it?
4. What are they doing in the hall? (to prepare for the New Year Party) Have they already completed all the preparations for the New Year Party? (No,…) When did they start the preparations? Since when have they been decorating the hall?
5. What have you done to improve your health? (Do morning exercises) How long have you been doing your morning exercises?
6. What are you doing? (to ring up to my friend) Has the number answered you yet? (No,…) How long have you been trying to get in touch with your friend?
7. Have you found the article or are you still looking for it through the magazines? How long have you been looking through them?
Упр. 128*. Поставьте все возможные вопросы к предложениям. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму.
1. We have been waiting for you at the station for 2 hours.
2. I have been trying to unlock the door with a wrong key.
3. He has been working at this problem all his life.
Упр.129*. Раскройте скобки, употребляя Present Continuous или Present Perfect Continuous.
A.
1. Why are you red? You (to run)? 2. Hey, what you (to do) here? 3. He (to do) his lessons since after lunch. 4. Come in, but look where you (to go). We (to paint) the living-room. 5. The bathroom is in a mess. The children (to wash) their dog. 6. I (to try) to find him the whole day. 7. Why you (not to talk) to each other? You (to quarrel) again? 8. I can see her face in the mirror. She (to smile). 9. She (to type) without any intervals ever since she came home from the office. 10. I (to cook) dinner since the children left for school. In fact, I (to cook) it right now.
B.
1. There is a man sitting at the first table near the door. He (to look) at us. - Yes, but what of it? - I (to meet) him everywhere for the last two days. 2. Ever since my schooldays I (to study) the History of Russia. Now I (to read) books on the Civil War. 3. I know you (to look) for somebody with experience on your stuff. There is a person in our laboratory who might interest you. He (to work) here for ten years. 4. I have just returned from my aunt's. - How long you (to stay) with her? 5. Where is my daughter? - She (to talk) to a policeman. - What's happened? - She (to drive) without a license. 6. I hope you (to do) well? - Splendid! I was very sorry that you left us. We (to do) better ever since. 7. A girl (to wait) to see you, doctor. - How long she (to wait)?
Упр. 130*. Переведите на русский язык, используя Present Continuous или Present Perfect Continuous.
1. Вы делаете это не так. Вы уже пять минут пытаетесь открыть дверь не этим ключом. 2. Куда ты так торопишься? - Приятель ждет меня у метро уже полчаса. 3. Вы читаете эту газету? 4. Я ношу это пальто уже два года. 5. Кого вы ждете? - Майкла. - Вы давно его ждете? 6. Почему вы здесь стоите? 7. Он учится в институте в прошлого года. 8. Я пытаюсь найти эту книгу уже год. 9. Что ты здесь делаешь? - Я пытаюсь найти одну книгу. 10. Почему ты улыбаешься?
Упр. 131*. Раскройте скобки, употребляя Present Perfect или Present Perfect Continuous.
A.
1. I (to do) my work for two hours and (not to finish) it yet. 2. Helen (to read) this book since Monday and she (not to read) it yet. 3. My brother (to collect) stamps ever since he left school. Now he (to collect) so many that he does not know where to put them. 4. That boy already (to stand) at the bus stop for half an hour and his bus (not to come) yet. 5. Something (to happen) to Jack. I (to wait) for him long and he (not to come) yet. 6. There are a lot of things I (to do) for a long time, and I (not to do) them all yet. 7. Arnold (to come) back. I must go and wash my eyes. I don't want him to see that I (to cry). 8. Father already (to arrive). We just (to speak) to him. 9. You are old enough to begin to learn. - I (to learn) all my life. 10. Where you (to put) my book? I (to look) for it for an hour.
B.
1. I never (to see) this face. 2. I often (to see) this name in the papers this year. 3. I (to try) to get her on the phone for about 20 minutes. 4. She (to study) English for a year and (to learn) many words and expressions. 5. I (to know) it since yesterday. 6. I (to look) for him since I left the hotel but I (not to find) him. I (to be) to the other three hotels but there is no visitor of that name anywhere. 7. I'm sorry, I'm late. You (to wait) long? - No, I just (to come). 8. I (to be) up here in the park since about six. I (to walk) for two hours. 9. I (to come) to you to ask for some information. 10. I expect these young men (to tell) you who I am. 11. I really don't know what you (to do) there all this time. 12. Ever since it happened I (to pretend) to myself it was an accident.
C.
1. I (to translate) this article for about an hour and (to translate) the first page. 2. I know what you (to work) on the last days. You (to discover) any facts? 3. They (to discuss) the case for hours but (to be) unable to come to any decision. 4. You (to read) too many mystery stories of late. They (to give) you ideas? 5. She (to try) all kinds of medicines for years but nothing (to be) of any use. 6. Again she (to tell) you the gossips. The things you (to hear) are quite impossible. 7. I (to tell) you so for years but you never (to pay) attention. 8. They (to take) her from one specialist to another since she was a baby but it (not to help). 9. They (to advertise) their machines since May but they (not to get) any orders yet.
Упр.132*. Переведите на английский язык, используя Present Perfect или Present Perfect Continuous.
1. Я сижу здесь с 10 часов. Никто сюда не заходил. 2. Мы читаем эту книгу с сентября и прочли уже больше половины. 3. Она себя неважно чувствует в последнее время и пропустила несколько занятий. 4. Я сегодня делала покупки и наконец нашла себе перчатки. 5. В последнее время он брал уроки плавания в бассейне и научился довольно хорошо плавать. 6. Он тренирует эту команду всего полгода, но они добились хороших успехов.
Упр. 133*. Раскройте скобки, используя Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Prefect или Present Perfect Continuous.
A.
What you (to write)? - I (to write) my composition. I (to write) it all morning and (not to finish) it yet. - I (to finish) mine. I always (to do) the work in time.
What you (to do) Jane? - I (to read). - But it (to be) late. You (to read) since morning.
Where (to be) John? - He (to work) in the garden. - He must be too tired. He (to work) there all day. - He never (to get) tired when he (to work) in the garden.
Who you (to wait) for? - I (to wait) for Jack. I (to wait) for him since 11 o'clock.
They (to stand) there for the last 20 minutes. - What they (to talk) all this time?
What you (to think) of? - I (to think) of our journey.
George and Tony (to play) chess in the living-room. - They (to play) since I (to come) there.
B.
He (to run) now. He (to run) for 20 minutes without any rest. 2. What
they (to do) now? - They (to work) in the reading-room. They (to work) there for three hours. 3. Where he (to be) now? - He (to be) in the garden. He (to play) with his friends. They (to play) since breakfast time. They always (to play) together. 4. I (to live) in St.Petersburg. I (to live) there since 1990. 5. She already (to do) her homework for 2 hours, but (not to do) it yet. 6. What you (to do)? - I (to read). I (to read) for three hours. I already (to read) sixty pages. 7. I (to wait) for you since 3 o'clock. 8. This man (to be) a writer. He (to write) books. He (to write) books since he was a young man. He already (to write) six novels. 9. Lena is very proud. She always (to help) her mother about the house. Today she (to help) her mother since morning. She already (to clean) the living-room. Now she (to wash) the windows.
C.
1. I (to ring) the bell for the last quarter of an hour. 2. I want to see how much he (to change) since I last saw him. 3. You (to have) any word from him since he left? 4. Here's my key. I (to leave). 5. I asked them not to make any decision until they (to get) the documents. 6. Wait till you (to see) Mark and (to talk) to him. 7. But what will we do? - I (to think) about it a lot. I (to think) about it all week. But I (not to know) what to do. 8. I mustn't let my eyes get all red and swollen, or Henry will know I (to cry). 9. Look, I (to know) Francis very well. I (to know) him since we were very young. 10. My dear, you and I (to be) friends for all these years but I never (to tell) you what really happened to Arthur. 11. What are we going to say to him when he (to come)? 12. I'm in great trouble. My little boy (to fall) off a ladder and (to hurt) himself.
D.
He (to solve) the cross-word puzzle for half an hour and he (to say) he
(to be) about to finish it as soon as he (to think) over the last word. 2. The actors (to rehearse) since early morning; now they (to go) over the first scene as they (not to be) satisfied with their acting. 3. Here you (to be) at last! I (to wait) for you for twenty minutes. You (not to be) ashamed? 4. She (to speak) over the telephone long enough, it (to be) time for her to stop talking. 5. As you (to work) late hours this week, you (to look) tired. 6. It (to snow) the whole week and it still (to snow). If it (to go) on like this nobody will be able to reach the camp. 7. At last you (to open) the door! 8. My watch (to keep) good time ever since I bought it. 9. They (to discuss) this question ever since I (to be) here and they (not to come) to any decision yet. 10. The typist (to miss) several words as she (to talk) all the time. 11. The lecturer (to mention) this name several times but I cannot remember it. I (to write) it down as soon as he (to mention) it again. 12. He (to work) at the language all the time and (to make) great progress. His phonetics (to be) perfect, only a slight accent (to remain).
Упр. 134*. Переведите на английский, используя Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect или Present Perfect Continuous.
A.
1. Я его только что видела. Он разговаривал с кем-то в коридоре. 2. Ты в жизни никогда по-настоящему никого не любил. 3. Когда он обычно приходит? 4. Секретарь еще не вернулась. 5. Что вы там так долго обсуждали? 6. В последнее время вы меньше работаете. 7. Мы только что пообедали. 8. Она мне все рассказала. 9. Они играют у себя в комнате с самого обеда. 10. Я о вас так много слышала. 11. Где я видел это лицо? 12. Она сейчас работает в библиотеке над докладом.
B.
1. Они второй день переводят эту статью. Они перевели уже 60 страниц. 2. Учитель еще не пришел, а студенты уже на своих местах и повторяют текст. 3. Эта книга все еще у него? Сколько времени он ее читает? 4. Он закончил первое упражнение и делает второе. 5. Он тренирует нас с тех пор, как я играю в этой команде. 6. Они уже приняли решение по первому вопросу? - Нет, они все еще спорят. Они обсуждают этот вопрос уже два часа и еще не пришли ни к какому соглашению.
Дата добавления: 2015-10-29; просмотров: 161 | Нарушение авторских прав
| <== предыдущая страница | | | следующая страница ==> |
| Б У Д У Щ Е Е П Р О Д О Л Ж Е Н Н О Е В Р Е М Я | | | ПРОШЕДШЕЕ СОВЕРШЕННО-ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ |