Text 4 the structure of the US court system

Exercise 4.1 Study the vocabulary:

1) heritage	1) спадщина
2) to mandate	2) наказати, доручити
3) to overlap	3) частково співпадати
4) complicated	4) складний
5) district court	5) окружний суд
6) handle	6) управляти, обговорювати
7) federal judiciary	7) федеральне правосуддя, судочинство
8) alleged	8) передбачений
9) maritime	9) морський
10) judicial circuit	10) судовий округ
11) challenge	11) виклик
12) federal regulatory agency	12) федеральне регуляторне відомство
13) Supreme Court	13) Верховний суд
14) Chief Justice	14) голова Верховного суду
15) Associate Justice	15) член суду
16) final	16) кінцевий, остаточний
17) to review	17) переглядати
18) high-ranking	18) високопосадовий
19) issue	19) питання; (юр.) предмет судової тяганини
20) to involve	20) залучати; включати

Exercise 4.2 Read and translate the text:

The U.S. court system is divided into two administratively separate systems, the federal and the state, each of which is independent of the executive and legislative branches of government. Such a dual court system is a heritage of the colonial period. By the time the U.S. Constitution had first mandated (1789) the establishment of a federal judiciary, each of the original Thirteen Colonies already had its own comprehensive court system based on the English model. Thus, the two systems grew side by side and came to exercise exclusive jurisdiction in some areas and overlapping, or concurrent, jurisdiction in others.

Of the two systems, the federal is by far the less complicated. The federal judiciary is divided into three main levels.

At the bottom are the federal district courts, which have original jurisdiction in most cases of federal law. There are from 1 to more than 20 judges in each district, and, as with most federal jurists, district court judges are appointed by the President and serve for life. Cases handled by the federal district courts include those relating to alleged violations of the Constitution or other federal laws, maritime disputes, cases directly involving a state or the federal government, and cases in which foreign governments, citizens of foreign countries, or citizens of two or more different states are involved.

Directly above the district courts are the United States courts of appeals, each superior to one or more district courts. Established by Congress in 1891, the court of appeals system is composed of 11 judicial circuits. There are from 6 to 27 judges in each circuit. In addition to hearing appeals from their respective district courts, the courts of appeals have original jurisdiction in cases involving a challenge to an order of a federal regulatory agency.

The highest court in the federal system is the Supreme Court of the United States. It is composed of one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. The Supreme Court sits in Washington, D.C., and has final jurisdiction on all cases that it hears. The high court may review decisions made by the U.S. courts of appeals, and it may also choose to hear appeals from state appellate courts if a constitutional or other federal issue is involved. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in a limited number of cases, including those that involve high-ranking diplomats of other nations or those between two U.S. states.

Exercise 4.3 Decide if the statements are true or false:

1. The U.S. court system is divided into two separate systems.

2. Such a dual court system has recent origin.

3. Both systems exercise exclusive jurisdiction in some areas and overlapping, or concurrent, jurisdiction in others.

4. The federal judiciary is divided into three main levels.

5. The highest courts are the federal district courts, which have original jurisdiction in most cases of federal law.

6. The Supreme court is composed of nine justices.

7. The Supreme Court has final jurisdiction on all cases that it hears.

Exercise 4.4 Read the text again and fill in the gaps:

1. Of the two systems, the federal is by far the less ….

2. There are from 1 to more than 20 … in each district.

3. District court judges are appointed by the … and serve for ….

4. Directly above the district courts are the United States courts of ….

5. Established by Congress in 1891, the court of appeals system is composed of 11 judicial ….

6. The courts of appeals have original jurisdiction in cases involving a challenge to an order of a federal ….

7. The highest court in the federal system is the … of the United States.

8. The high court may … decisions made by the U.S. courts of appeals.

9. The Supreme Court may also choose to hear appeals from state appellate courts if a … or other federal issue is involved.

10. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in a … number of cases.

Exercise 4.5 Match the term with its definition:

1. District court	the power, right or authority to apply the law
2. Allege	the act of breaching of right, duty or law
3. Violation	to argue, to call into question
4. Jurisdiction	to assert without proof or before proving
5. Appeal	to select for an office or position
6. Dispute	the lowest court in the USA
7. Appoint	to take a case to a higher court for rehearing and a new decision

Exercise 4.6 Translate the following:

1. Судова система США поділяється на федеральну і штатну системи.

2. Федеральна судова система складається з трьох рівнів.

3. Судді окружних судів призначаються президентом.

4. Система апеляційних судів складається з одинадцяти судових округів.

5. До складу Верховного суду входить голова та вісім членів суду.

6. Верховний суд може переглядати рішення, винесені апеляційними судами США.

TEXT 5 THE STATE COURT SYSTEMS

Exercise 5.1 Study the vocabulary:

1) state judicial system	1) судова система штату
2) diverse	2) різноманітний
3) inferior courts	3) нижчий суд
4) magistrate court	4) мировий суд
5) municipal court	5) муніципальний суд
6) justice of the peace court	6) мировий суд
7) police court	7) поліцейський суд
8) traffic court	8) суд у справах про порушення правил дорожнього руху
9) county court	9) суд округа
10) superior court	10) головний суд першої інстанції
11) suit	11) позов, судовий процес
12) grand larceny	12) велика крадіжка
13) jury trial	13) слухання справи в суді присяжних
14) juvenile court	14) суд у справах неповнолітніх
15) divorce court	15) суд у справах розірвання шлюбу
16) probate court	16) суд у справах спадщини
17) housing court	17) суд у справах житлових питань
18) small-claims court	18) суд, що розглядає дрібні позови

Exercise 5.2 Read and translate the text:

Today there are 50 states and thus fifty state judicial systems. The system of state courts is quite diverse; virtually no two states have identical judiciaries. In general, however, the states, like the federal government, have a hierarchically organized system of general courts along with a group of special courts.

The lowest level of state courts, often known generically as the inferior courts, may include any of the following: magistrate court, municipal court, justice of the peace court, police court, traffic court, and county court. Such tribunals, often quite informal, handle only minor civil and criminal cases. More serious offenses are heard in superior court, also known as state district court, circuit court, and by a variety of other names. The superior courts, usually organized by counties, hear appeals from the inferior courts and have original jurisdiction over major civil suits and serious crimes such as grand larceny. It is here that most of the nation's jury trials occur.

The highest state court, usually called the appellate court, state court of appeals, or state supreme court, generally hears appeals from the state superior courts and, in some instances, has original jurisdiction over particularly important cases.

A number of the larger states, such as New York, also have intermediate appellate courts between the superior courts and the state's highest court. Additionally, a state may have any of a wide variety of special tribunals, usually on the inferior court level, including juvenile court, divorce court, probate court, family court, housing court, and small-claims court. In all, there are more than 1,000 state courts of various types, and their judges, who may be either appointed or elected, handle the overwhelming majority of trials held in the United States each year.

Exercise 5.3 Choose the best variant:

1. How many state judicial systems are there in the U.S.?

a. 30;

b. 50;

c. 55.

2. Are there any difference between state court systems?

a) the system of state courts is quite diverse;

b) there is no difference;

c) there is a difference only between some courts.

3. What is lowest level of the state courts?

a) district courts;

b) appellate courts;

c) inferior courts.

4. What kind of cases do the lowest state courts deal with?

a) minor civil and criminal cases;

b) minor civil cases;

c) serious civil and criminal cases.

5. What kind of cases do the superior courts deal with?

a) appeals from the inferior courts;

b) appeals from the inferior courts, civil suits and serious criminal cases;

c) more serious criminal cases.

6. What is the function of the state supreme court?

a) to hear appeals from the state superior courts;

b) to hear particularly important cases;

c) to hear appeals from the state superior courts and, in some instances, particularly important cases.

7. Where do the intermediate appellate courts exist?

a) in a number of the larger states;

b) in all the states;

c) in New York state.

Exercise 5.4 Replace the following words:

1. Virtually no two states have various judiciaries.

2. More serious offences are heard in inferior court, also known as state district court.

3. The most of the nation's civil trials occur in the superior courts.

4. A number of the larger states also have intermediate appellate courts between the inferior courts and the superior court.

5. A state may have any of a wide variety of special tribunals, usually on the apellate court level, including juvenile court, divorce court, probate court, family court, housing court, and small-claims court.

6. The jurors, who may be either appointed or elected, handle the overwhelming majority of courts held in the United States each year.

Exercise 5.5 Choose the correct variant:

1. The states, like the federal government, have a hierarchically organized system of general courts along with a group of ________courts.

a) district;

b) appellate;

c) special

2. More _________are heard in superior court, also known as state district court, circuit court, and by a variety of other names.

a) minor cases;

b) serious offenses;

c) criminal offenses

3. The superior courts are usually organized by _________.

a) countries;

b) states;

c) counties

4. The superior courts hear appeals from the inferior courts and have original jurisdiction over major civil suits and serious crimes such as grand __________.

a) larceny;

b) murder;

c) theft

5. In all, there are more than 1,000 _________ courts of various types.

a) Appellate;

b) federal;

c) state

Exercise 5.6 Put the sentences into the correct order:

1. The lowest level of state courts is known as the inferior courts.

2. A number of the larger states also have intermediate appellate courts.

3. Today there are 50 states and thus fifty state judicial systems.

4. More serious offenses are heard in superior court.

5. The highest state court is usually called the state supreme court.

6. Additionally, a state may have any of a wide variety of special tribunals.

7. The states have a hierarchically organized system of courts.

TEXT 6 HOW DOES THE US COURT SYSTEM WORK

Exercise 6.1 Study the vocabulary:

1) Common Law	1) загальне право
2) plaintiff	2) позивач
3) defendant	3) підзахисний, відповідач
4) impartial	4) неупереджений, справедливий
5) to determine	5) визначати
6) a bench trial	6) суд без участі суду присяжних
7) to charge with	7) покладати відповідальність; уповноважувати; обвинувачувати
8) interpretation	8) тлумачення
9) а rule	9) норма
10) to appeal а decision	10) оскаржити рішення
11) a panel of judges	11) колегія, група суддів
12) judgment	12) вирок, рішення суду
13) party to the case	13) сторона у справі
14) ability	14) здібність
15) outcome	15) результат
16) tier	16) рівень, ярус
17) to bring a case	17) пред’являти позов

Exercise 6.2 Read and translate the text:

The American Court system is based on the English Common Law system. The basic idea is that there are two sides, the plaintiff and the defendant, who present their arguments before an impartial judge (and sometimes a jury).

It is the judge’s duty to determine what the law is in relation to the particular case at hand. It is the jury’s duty, in a jury trial (or also the judge’s, in trials without a jury – a bench trial) to determine what the facts are in the case. The lawyers in the case are charged with representing their respective clients to the very best of their ability. The outcome of this process is justice.

In the United States, there are more than 51 different interpretations of this basic model. Each of the 50 states has its own rules and procedures. The federal courts also have their own rules, which are occasionally interpreted differently in different parts of the country. However, for the most part, they are all very similar.

The system is generally a three-tiered one. A case is typically brought at the lowest level or court, usually a "District" or "Trial" court. Once this case is heard and a decision, or "judgment" has been made, both the defendant and the plaintiff have the opportunity to appeal the decision to an "Appellate Court".

At the Appellate Court level, there is usually a panel of three judges who hear arguments on either side. Judges at the Appellate Court can usually only decide matters of law. The Appellate Court has three options: it can decide that the judge was wrong and change the judgment, it can decide the judge was wrong and send the case back for the judge to change, or it can agree with or "affirm" the judgment of the lower court.

Again, if either party to the case does not like the decision, they can appeal to the highest court, usually called the Supreme Court. All 50 states and the federal courts have some version of a Supreme Court. The Supreme Court decides issues in the same manner as the Appellate Court. However, there is no court higher than the Supreme Court to which to appeal. The judgment of the Supreme Court is final.

While all American court systems, or "jurisdictions," follow this basic structure there are many differences among. However, it is important to stress that they all do follow the same basic structure.

Exercise 6.3 Decide if the statements are true or false:

1. The American Court system is based on the English Common Law system.

2. It is the jury’s duty to determine what the law is in relation to the particular case at hand.

3. It is the judge’s duty, in a jury trial to determine what the facts are in the case.

4. Each of the 50 states has different rules and procedures.

5. The system is generally a two-tiered one.

6. A case is typically brought at the lowest level or court.

7. At the Appellate Court level, there is usually a panel of three judges who hear arguments on either side.

8. Judges at the Appellate Court can usually decide civil and criminal cases.

9. All 50 states and the federal courts have some version of a Supreme Court.

10. There is no court higher than the Supreme Court to which to appeal.

Exercise 6.4 Choose the best variant:

1. The basic idea of the U.S. court is that there are two sides, ___________

a) the solicitor and the barrister;

b) the plaintiff and the defendant;

c) the judge and the juror.

2. The _________in the case are charged with representing their respective clients.

a) lawyers;

b) judges;

c) clerks.

3. Once a case is heard and a decision has been made, both the defendant and the plaintiff have the opportunity to appeal the decision to an ________

a) federal court;

b) Supreme Court;

c) appellate court.

4. If either party to the case does not like the decision of appellate court, they can appeal to the_________

a) Supreme Court;

b) district court;

c) trial court.

5. The judgment of the Supreme Court is _______.

a) impartial;

b) legal;

c) final.

Exercise 6.5 Match the equivalents:

1. Видавати закони	legislation
2. Законодавство	legislatively
3. В законодавчому порядку	to legitimate
4. Законодавець	legitimation
5. Законодавчий орган	legitimate
6. Узаконювати	to legislate
7. Законний	legitimacy
8. Законно	legislature
9. Законність	legitimately
10. узаконення	legislator

Exercise 6.6 Fill in the gaps:

1. In the United States, there are more than 51 different … of this basic model.

2. The Appellate Court can decide that the judge was … and change the ….

3. The Appellate Court can agree with or "affirm" the judgment of the … court.

4. The Supreme Court decides issues in the same manner as the ….

5. It is important to stress that all American … do follow the same basic structure.

Exercise 6.7 Translate the sentences into English:

1. Юристи, задіяні у справі, уповноважені представляти своїх клієнтів.

2. У кожному з 50 штатів існують свої норми та процедури.

3. Відповідач та позивач мають можливість оскаржити рішення в апеляційному суді.

4. В апеляційному суді колегія з трьох суддів розглядає доводи обох сторін.

TEXT 7 JUDGES. NATURE OF THE WORK

Exercise 7.1 Study the vocabulary:

1) to apply the law	1) застосовувати закон
2) to oversee	2) наглядати, слідкувати
3) to ensure	3) гарантувати, забезпечувати
4) to preside	4) головувати
5) traffic offence	5) дорожнє правопорушення
6) an attorney	6) адвокат; юрист; аторней; прокурор (в США)
7) admissibility	7) допустимість, можливість
8) testimony	8) показання свідків
9) to settle dispute	9) розв’язувати спір
10) to proceed	10) продовжувати, відновлювати
11) pretrial hearing	11) попереднє слухання
12) an allegation	12) заява
13) a pending trial	13) справа, що знаходиться на стадії розгляду
14) to release	14) звільнити
15) to impose restriction (to impose а sentence)	15) накладати обмеження (виносити вирок)
16) liability	16) відповідальність
17) to deduce	17) робити висновок; виводити
18) to award relief	18) надавати звільнення
19) a compensation for damage	19)відшкодування збитків
20) a lawsuit	20) судовий процес, тяганина
21) to overrule decision	21) анулювати рішення
22) to rule on	22) вести справу
23) a litigant	23) сторона (в суд. процесі)
24) court's record	24) протокол суду

Exercise 7.2 Read and translate the text:

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers apply the law and oversee the legal process in courts. They preside over cases concerning every aspect of society, from traffic offences, to disputes over the management of professional sports, to issues concerning the rights of huge corporations. All judicial workers must ensure that trials and hearings are conducted fairly.

The most visible responsibility of judges is presiding over trials or hearings and listening as attorneys represent their clients. Judges rule on the admissibility of evidence and the methods of conducting testimony, and they may be called on to settle disputes between opposing attorneys. Also, they ensure that rules and procedures are followed, and if unusual circumstances arise for which standard procedures have not been established, judges interpret the law to determine how the trial will proceed.

Judges often hold pretrial hearings for cases. They listen to allegations and determine whether the evidence presented merits a trial. In criminal cases, judges may decide that people charged with crimes should be held in jail pending trial, or they may set conditions for their release. In civil cases, judges and magistrates occasionally impose restrictions on the parties until a trial is held.

In many trials, juries are selected to decide guilt or innocence in criminal cases, or liability and compensation in civil cases. Judges instruct juries on applicable laws, direct them to deduce the facts from the evidence presented, and hear their verdict. When the law does not require a jury trial, judges decide cases. In such instances, the judge determines guilt in criminal cases and imposes sentences on the guilty; in civil cases, the judge awards relief – such as compensation for damages – to the winning parties to the lawsuit.

Judges' duties vary according to the extent of their jurisdictions and powers. General trial court judges of the Federal and State court systems have jurisdiction over any case in their system. Federal and State appellate court judges have the power to overrule decisions made by trial court judges. Appellate court judges rule on a small number of cases and rarely have direct contact with litigants. Instead, they usually base their decisions on the lower court's records and on lawyers' written and oral arguments.

Exercise 7.3 Choose the best answer:

1. What is the function of the judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers?

a. to apply the law and oversee the legal process in courts;

b. to accuse smb;

c. to defend a client.

2. What should all judicial workers do?

a) should present their defendants;

b) must ensure that trials and hearings are conducted fairly;

c) must ensure that trials are conducted easily.

3. What is the most visible responsibility of judges?

a) deciding the guilt or innocence of the accused;

b) presiding over trials;

c) presiding over trials or hearings and listening as attorneys represent their clients.

4. What may judges decide in criminal cases?

a) that people charged with crimes should be held in jail pending trial, or they may set conditions for their release;

b) that people charged with crimes should pay damages;

c) that people charged with crimes should be free.

5. What may judges and magistrates occasionally do in civil cases?

a) impose penalty;

b) impose restrictions on the parties until a trial is held;

c) pass a sentence.

6. What are the main duties of a jury?

a) to accuse the offender;

b) to pass a verdict in all cases;

c) to decide guilt or innocence in criminal cases, or liability and compensation in civil cases.

7. What factors do the judges' duties depend on?

a) judges' duties vary according to the extent of their jurisdictions and powers;

b) judges' duties depend on the type of court;

c) judges' duties depend on the type of case.

Exercise 7.4 Replace the following words:

1. Attorneys preside over cases concerning every aspect of society.

2. Judges rule on the admissibility of case and the methods of conducting trial.

3. They may be called on to settle crisis between opposing attorneys.

4. Judges often hold pretrial decisions for cases.

5. When the law does not require a lawyer, judges decide cases.

6. General trial court judges of the Federal and State court systems have power over any case in their system.

7. Appellate court judges rule on a small number of cases and rarely have direct contact with plaintiffs.

Exercise 7.5 Choose the best variant:

1. Judges ensure that rules and procedures are _________.

a) followed;

b) defined;

c) settled.

2. If unusual circumstances arise for which standard procedures have not been established, judges _______to determine how the trial will proceed.

a) decide a case;

b) interpret the law;

c) apply the law.

3. Judges listen to allegations and determine whether the evidence presented merits _______.

a) a penalty;

b) a trial;

c) a decision.

4. In________, the judge awards relief to the winning parties to the lawsuit.

a) civil cases;

b) criminal cases;

c) disputable cases.

5. Federal and State appellate court judges have the power ____made by trial court judges.

a) to impose sentence;

b) to abolish laws;

c) to overrule decisions.

6. Appellate court judges usually base their decisions on the lower court’s ______and on lawyers’ written and oral arguments.

a) rulings;

b) records;

c) decisions.

Exercise 7.6 Match the synonyms:

1. Case	charge
2. Magistrate	tribunal
3. Court	matter
4. Lawsuit	Justice of Peace
5. Accusation	individual
6. Accuser	offence
7. Person	civil action
8. Wrong	prosecutor

Exercise 7.7 Match the verbs with the appropriate nouns:

1. To commit	a criminal
2. To give	a verdict
3. To pass	evidence
4. To impose	a case
5. To punish	a case
6. To bring	penalty
7. To try	a crime
8. To hear	an action

UNIT 4 CRIMINAL LAW

TEXT 1 THE NATURE OF CRIMINAL LAW

Exercise 1.1 Study the vocabulary:

1) to be tempted to	1) бути схильним до чогось
2) to threaten with punishment	2) загрожувати покаранням
3) conduct	3) поведінка
4) archetypal crimes	4) типовий злочин
5) disturbance of the public peace and order	5) порушення суспільного миру й порядку
6) to forbid	6) забороняти
7) lead to harmful results	7) призвести до шкідливих наслідків
8) unlike	8) на відміну від
9) to seek to resolve legal disputes	9) намагатись розв’язати правові спори
10) to be incarcerated	10) бути ув’язненим

Exercise 1.2 Read and translate the text:

Criminal law (also known as penal law) is the body of law that deals with crime and the legal punishment of criminal offenses.

Criminal law seeks to protect the public from harm by inflicting punishment upon those who have already done harm and by threatening with punishment those who are tempted to do harm. The harm that criminal law aims to prevent varies. It may be physical harm, death, or bodily injury to human beings; the loss of or damage to property; sexual immorality; danger to the government; disturbance of the public peace and order; or injury to the public health. Criminal law also often tries to avoid harm by forbidding conduct that may lead to harmful results.

Criminal punishment, depending on the offense and jurisdiction, may include execution, loss of liberty, government supervision (parole or probation), or fines. There are some archetypal crimes, like murder, but the illegal acts are not wholly the same between different criminal codes, and even within a particular code lines may be blurred, as civil law violations sometimes give rise also to criminal consequences. Criminal law typically is enforced by the government, unlike the civil law, which may be enforced by private parties.

Criminal law involves prosecution by the government of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime. Civil cases, on the other hand, involve individuals and organizations seeking to resolve legal disputes. In a criminal case, the state, through a prosecutor, initiates the suit, while in a civil case the victim brings the suit. Persons convicted of a crime may be incarcerated, fined or both. However, persons found liable in a civil case may only have to give up property or pay money, but are not incarcerated.

Exercise 1.3 Match the two parts of the sentences:

1. Criminal law often tries to	a) by the government.
2. Criminal law typically is enforced	b) the victim brings the suit.
3. Civil law may be enforced	c) prosecution by the government of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime.
4. Criminal law involves	d) may only have to give up property or pay money, but are not incarcerated.
5. Civil case involve	e) may be incarcerated, fined, or both.
6. In a criminal case	f) avoid harm by forbidding conduct that may lead to harmful results.
7. In a civil case	g) individuals and organizations seeking to resolve legal disputes.
8. Persons convicted of a crime	h) the state initiates the suit.
9. Persons found liable in a civil case	i) by private parties

Exercise 1.4 Read the text again and write out the synonyms for the following words and word combinations.

1. Penal law –

2. Damage –

3. Penalty –

4. Prohibited –

5. Human being –

6. Disagreement -

7. To be imprisoned -

8. Responsible –

9. Control –

10. Behaviour –

Exercise 1.5 Choose the word that best completes the sentence.

1) Criminal Law/ Civil Law is the branch of law that defines crimes, treats of their nature, and provides for their probation/punishment.

2) A Criminal Code / Execution is a compilation of government laws that outline a nation’s laws regarding criminal offenses, and the maximum and minimum punishments that courts can suit / impose upon offenders when such crimes are committed (for example: vandalism, retail theft, theft of property etc.)

3) A tort / Crime is a civil wrongcommitted against an individual; a tort / crime, on the other hand, is regarded as an offense committed against the public, even though only one individual may have been wronged.

4) It’ll be some weeks before your offence / case comes to trial.

5) A penalty / supervision is legal or official punishment for committing a crime or other offense, e.g. a fine or imprisonment.

Exercise 1.6 Give English equivalents from the text for the following word combinations:

1) Кримінальне право –

2) Кримінальний кодекс –

3) Злочин –

4) Правопорушення –

5) Покарання –

6) Призначати покарання –

7) Загрожувати покаранням –

8) Запобігати злочину -

9) Тілесні ушкодження –

10) Забороняти –

11) Втрата свободи –

12) Нагляд –

13) Умовне покарання –

14) Типові злочини –

15) Призвести до шкідливих наслідків –

16) Бути схильним до чогось –

17) Бути ув’язненим –

18) Порушення громадського порядку –

Exercise 1.7 Transform the sentences in Active Voice into the sentences in Passive Voice according to the model:

Model: The government typically enforces the criminal law.

The criminal law is typically enforced by the government.

1) Private parties usually enforce the civil law.

2) They classify this act as a crime.

3) In a criminal case the state initiates the suit.

4) In a civil case the victim brings the suit.

5) They may incarcerate persons convicted of a crime.

TEXT 2 CRIME

Exercise 2.1 Study different types of crime:

1) armed robbery	1) пограбування з використанням зброї
2) arson	2) підпал
3) assassination	3) наймане політичне убивство
4) assault	4) напад з метою пограбування
5) bigamy	5) бігамія
6) blackmail	6) шантаж
7) bribery and corruption	7) хабарництво та корупція
8) burglary	8) крадіжка зі зломом
9)drug pushing/ peddling	9) розповсюдження наркотиків
10) drug trafficking	10) торгівля наркотиками
11) espionage	11) шпигунство
12)forgery	12) підробка
13)fraud	13) обман
14)hijacking	14) викрадення літака
15)homicide	15) убивство
16)kidnapping	16) викрадення людей
17)manslaughter	17) ненавмисне вбивство
18)mugging	18) розбійний напад
19)petty theft	19) дрібна крадіжка
20)pick pocketing	20) кишенькове злодійство
21)rape	21) зґвалтування
22)shoplifting	22) крамничне злодійство
23)smuggling	23) контрабанда
24)speeding	24) перевищення швидкості
25)terrorism	25) тероризм
26)treason	26) державна зрада
27)trespassing	27) протиправне порушення володіння із завданням шкоди
28)vandalism	28) вандалізм
29)weapon assault	29) озброєний напад
30)theft	30) крадіжка
31)money laundering	31) відмивання грошей

Exercise 2.2 Read and translate the text:

Crime violates the laws of a community, state or nation. It is punishable in accordance with these laws. The definition of crime varies according to time and place, but the laws of most countries consider as crimes such offences as arson, bigamy, burglary, forgery, murder, and treason.

Not all offences against the law are crimes. The laws that set down the punishments for crimes form the criminal law. This law defines as crime those offences considered most harmful to the community. On the other hand, a person may wrong someone else in some other way that offends the civil law.

The common law recognizes three classes of crime: treason, felony, and misdemeanor. Death or life imprisonment is the usual penalty for treason. Laws in the United States, for example, define a felony as a crime that is punishable by a term of one year or more in a state or federal prison. A person who commits a misdemeanor may be punished by a fine or a jail term of less than one year.

Exercise 2.3 Complete the missing words in the sentences:

(Fine, misdemeanor, prison, term, penalty, life imprisonment, felony, classes, person, civil, community, criminal law, treason, bigamy, forgery, offences, state, laws, counties, crimes)

Crime violates the laws of a community, 1) ____ or nation. It is punishable in accordance with these 2) _____. The definition of crime varies according to time and place, but the laws of most 3) ______ consider as crimes such 4) _____ as arson, 5) _____ burglary, 6) _____, murder, and 7) ______.

Not all offences against the law are 8) ______. The laws that set down the punishments for crimes form the 9) ______. This law defines as crime those offences considered most harmful to the 10) ______. On the other hand, a 11) _____ may wrong someone else in some other way that offends the 12) _____ law.

The common law recognizes three 13) ______ of crime: treason,14) _____, and misdemeanor. Death or 15) ______ is the usual 16) _____ for treason. Laws in the United States, for example, define a felony as a crime that is punishable by a 17) _____ of one year or more in a state or federal 18) _____. A person who commits a 19) _____ may be punished by a 20) _____ or a jail term of less than one year.

Exercise 2.4 Match the type of crime with its definition:

Дата добавления: 2015-10-29