The Role of Wind

Surface ocean currents are mainly caused by wind. The winds that most affect the oceans' currents are:

· The Western winds (40-50 degree latitudes) blow west to east.

· The Trade Winds (20 degree latitudes) blow east to west.

· Both of these winds are a result of warm air from the tropics moving to the poles and the Coriolis effect (that due to the rotation of the Earth, water moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere). Because these huge circular currents are blocked by continents, smaller (though still giant) ocean current circles called gyres are formed.

The Role of Density

Differences in water density affect vertical ocean currents (movement of surface ocean water to the bottom of the ocean and movement of deep ocean water to the surface).

Variations in water density are caused by variations in salinity (the amount of salt in water) and temperature. Saltier water is more dense than less salty water; cold water is more dense than warm water. Denser water tends to sink, while less dense water tends to rise. Cold-water currents occur as the cold water at the poles sinks and slowly moves toward the equator. Warm-water currents travel out from the equator along the surface, flowing toward the poles to replace the sinking cold water.

As these currents mix the oceans surface and deep waters, they help replenish the oxygen in the water.

The Gulf Stream

The Gulf Stream is one of the strongest currents known. It moves along through the Gulf of Mexico, past the east coast of the United States and on to Northern Europe. Without the warm Gulf Stream, England and other places in Europe would be as cold as Canada.

1.	trade winds	пассаты
2.	gyre(s)	водоворот(ы)
3.	coriolis effect	эффект Кориолиса
4.	runoff	разлив (рек, озер) при подъеме уровня воды в водоеме

Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. Choose them from the following list.

clear of leads cancel… out pass broken away attempt

if bound be rounded created by be consulted

with local knowledge be predicted be attempted

1. C. is let bearing 023° ____ from seaward, between the dangers on either side.

2. Owing to the strength of the tidal streams navigation should only _____ at or near the time of slack water (стоячая вода или время между приливом и отливом).

3. If ____ for C. passage, S. islets should ______ at not less than 2 cables.

4. Vessels _____ can enter between the islets.

5. No vessels should _______ to enter without local knowledge.

6. Course may be altered to the NE _____ the banks.

7. A vessel should not ______ between Seven stones and the lightvessel.

8. Strong currents during or after positive or negative surges may greatly increase tidal streams or _____ them _____.

9. The tidal streams can ______ by reference to a suitable Standard port by tables printed on the published charts.

10. Tides are mainly _____ the gravitational effect of the moon and the sun on the earth.

11. Dangers are described in pilot books, that’s why pilot books and charts should always ____.

12. Icebergs ______ from the parent formation may float in the open sea.

Exercise 9. Read and translate the following extracts from the English pilot book. Check your translation by finding the corresponding points in Russian. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.

1. Submarine cables. – Submarine cables cross the harbour from a position close to S. situated 3 ¼ cables north-eastward of A. point. Vessels should not anchor in the vicinity of these cables, the positions of which are indicated by wavy lines on the charts.	a. Банка С. около 6,5 миль к северо-западу от мыса С.- это скалистая подводная гряда с наименьшей известной глубиной 12 саженей (21,9 м) возле ее южной оконечности.
2. Hats, a group of rocky shoals north-westward of I. islet, cover a large area, with depths of less than 3 fathoms (5,5 m) over it, with several heads having depths of from 3 to 6 feet (0,9 m to 1,8m) over them.	b. Удаленные от берега опасности. – Подход к островкам С. с юго-запада и запада требует осторожности в туманную погоду из-за скалистой гряды камней, простирающихся в тех направлениях; быстрины создают опасность для судов в штормовую погоду.
3. Off-lying dangers. – an approach to S. isles from south-westward or westward requires caution in hazy of thick weather on account of the rocky ledges extending in those directions; the overfalls make it dangerous to open boats in rough weather.	c. Отмель с глубиной 17 футов (5,2 м) лежит около 1,25 кабельтова к востоку от мыса С. Между мысом С. и мысом В., около 2-х миль на северо-восток имеются несколько отдельно лежащих участков земли с глубинами от 7 до 18 футов (от 2,1 м до 5,5 м), лежащих в пределах одного кабельтова к берегу.
4. Cape C. bank, about 6 ½ miles north-westward of Cape C., is a rocky ridge with a least known depth of 12 fathoms (21,9 m) over it near its southern extremity.	d. Хэтс, группа скалистых отмелей северо-восточнее островка И., занимают большую площадь с глубинами меньше, чем 3 сажени (5,5 м) с несколькими мысами, на глубинах от 3 до 6 футов (0,9 м до 1,8м)
5. A shoal, with depth of 17 feet (5,2 m) over it, lies about 1 ¼ cables eastward of S. head. Between S. Head and W. Point about 2 miles north-eastward there are several detached patches, with depths of from 7 to 18 feet (2,1 m to 5,5 m) over them lying within one cable to coast.	e. Подводные кабели. – Подводные кабели пересекают гавань от места рядом с С., расположенного в 3,75 кабельтовых на северо-восток от мыса А. Судам не следует становиться на якорь в районе этих кабелей, местонахождение которых обозначено волнистыми линиями на карте.

Lesson 4. Aids to Navigation. Lights and Buoys

Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words and expressions:

1.	aid to navigation or navigation aid	средства, помогающее навигации (вне судна) или навигационное оборудование (на судне)
2.	alternating light	переменный огонь
3.	fixed light	постоянный огонь
4.	flashing light, flash or to flash	проблесковый огонь, вспышка или подавать световой сигнал
5.	occulting light	затмевающий огонь
6.	towing light	буксировочный огонь
7.	masthead light	топовый огонь
8.	navigation light	ходовой огонь
9.	stern light	гакабортный огонь
	unwatched light	необслуживаемый огонь
	all-rounded light	огонь кругового освещения
	side light	отличительный (боковой) огонь
	shoal	мол
	visible or visibility	видимый или видимость
	duration	длина, длительность, продолжительность
	lantern	фонарь
	to show(showed, shown)/to exhibit	показывать, выставлять, зажигать (огонь)
	eclipse, to obscure	затмение, затмевать
	at elevation of (height)	на высоте над уровнем море (высота объекта)
	detached	отдельный, обособленный; изолированный
	pile, post, pole, staff, pillar	свая, столб или веха, шест, шток, стойка
	lightship or lightvessel	плавучий маяк
	square, triangular, circular	квадратный, треугольный, круглый
	beacon	знак на берегу или на воде
	IALA International Association of Lighthouse Authorities
	pile buoy	знак на сваях
	chequered buoy буй, раскрашенный в шахматном порядке
	mooring buoy	швартовная бочка
	spar buoy	веха
	stripe, band	полоса (вертикальная), полоса (горизонтальная)

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text, paying attention to the words in italics.

Lights and Buoys

Marks and lights help the Captain navigate unfamiliar coasts and ports. They consist of lighthouses, buoys and other local structures. At night the most important ones are lit, and each light has individual characteristics of range, colour, duration, type and number of flashes.

Lights are used to ensure safe navigation. There are several types of lights: the fixed light, the flashing light, the group-flashing light, the occulting light, alternating light and isophase light. The applications of the types of light are determined by the fact whether a light is conspicuous or not. The most conspicuous light by far is the flashing light that is used to indicate danger. The least conspicuous light is the fixed light that illuminates an object or an area. Lights are exhibited from different conspicuous structures, such as towers, poles, posts, buoys, beacons, staffs, masts and lighthouses.

With the help of charts the navigator can identify which light he is looking at. A chart may describe a lighthouse as: GpFl(3) 15 sec 24M. This cryptic message means that the light gives a group of three flashes, every 15 seconds and can be seen in clear weather for 24 miles.

By day, mariners can still take visual bearings from lighthouses. By the way, there are rarely more than 60m high, because their light could be lost in clouds in poor weather. Lighthouses are of different shape (circular, cylindrical and pyramidal) and of different material (stone, brick, concrete, steel). Lighthouses are painted white, yellow, red etc. and sometimes in horizontal and vertical lines of different colours. It should be distinguished that a band is a horizontal line, while a stripe is a vertical line. When leading lights are exhibited, the front light is always lower than the rear light.

Light stations and lightships are maintained along coastlines to warn approaching ships of potential dangers such as off-lying rocks.

Floating navigational aids which are anchored or moored are called buoys. Simple arrangements of colours, shapes, numbers and lights are employed to indicate the side of a buoy on which a ship should pass when moving in a given direction.

These navigational aids include buoys of two kinds, lateral marks, which mark each side of the channel, and cardinal marks, which relate to compass direction and indicate hazards. Port-side buoys are red, can-shaped and are topped by flashing red light. Starboard buoys are green, cone-shaped and bear a flashing green light.

Speaking about the aids to navigation it should be mentioned about special buoys, landfall marks and isolated danger marks. Special buoys indicate special features in the fairway that can be looked up in the pilot book. They may have any shape and are fitted with a yellow light. Landfall marks point to safe water of sufficient depth and indicate that one approaches the coast. They are pillar- or spar-shaped and are fitted with a white light.

Exercise 3. Give brief answers to the following questions:

1. What can be used to ensure safe navigation? 2. How can a navigator identify which light he is looking at? 3. What is the lighthouse? 4. What purpose does lighthouse serve? 5. Which light is exhibited higher, the front or the rear one? 6. How many types of lights do you know? 7. What light is the most conspicuous? 8. What light is used to illuminate an object? 9. What are buoys? 10. What colour is the starboard buoy? 11. The buoy shape is more important than colour, isn’t it? 12. What is the lateral system used for? 13. What are landfall marks used for? 14. What colour light are special buoys fitted with? 15. Where can you read about buoys and beacons? 16. What special regions do you know? 17. How many navigation lights are there? What do you know about them? 18. What is characteristic of fixed light? Do you know the difference between flashing and occulting lights? 19. What are lateral and cardinal buoys used to indicate? How is the danger indicated? 20. What is the reason for appearing of a new type of buoys, lights or other navigation aids?

Exercise 4. Give equivalents:

· in Russian: buoyage system, lightship, occulting light, aid to navigation, mooring, to be anchored, to indicate, towing lights, shallow water, can-shaped, fairway, flashing light, shape, to be buoyed, pillar buoy, strip, cone, to establish, patch, off shore, entrance, wreck, to be exhibited, lightvessel, navigation aid, lantern, nautical charts, all-rounded lights;

· in English: башня, приметный или хорошо видимый, переменный огонь, выставлять, маяк, столб, морская карта, проблесковый огонь, затмение, ходовой огонь, высота над уровнем моря, топовый огонь, вспышка, группозатмевающийся огонь, подавать световой сигнал, фонарь, постройка, затмевающий огонь, мачта, буксировочный огонь, соответствующий борт, плавучий маяк, бортовые огни, видимость, кормовой огонь, период, зеленый, фарватер, гавань, обломки кораблекрушения.

Exercise 5. Read the dialogue and then make up your own one.

Pilot: So 20 minutes have passed. We are approaching the anchorage place. You may now notify the engine-room, Captain.

Captain: Shall we switch on the echo sounder and start taking soundings?

Pilot: Of course? It’s time to take soundings. Do you see that tall building over there, Captain?

Captain: Yes, I do. Do you mean to say we must steerfor that tall building?

Pilot: Yes, that’s exactly what I mean. By the way, you must keep that tall building in line with the lighthouse until you reach Point B.

Captain: Shall we drop the anchor at B?

Pilot: No, “B” is not our anchorage. We’ll alter the course at “B” 30° to port and proceed till we reach the green buoy. Our anchorage is 100 meters off the green buoy on our starboard side.

Exercise 6. Match the term with its definition.

term	definition
1. navigation aid	a. It is the sequence and length of light and dark periods and the colour or colours by which a navigational light is identified.
2. aid to navigation	b. This term means an aid to navigation intended to mark the sides of a channel or waterway.
3. beacon	c. A buoy has a boat-shaped body. They are nearly always unmanned and are used instead of smaller lighted buoys in waters where strong currents are experienced.
4.light characteristics	d. A structure that exhibits a major navigation light.
5. topmark	e. An IALA aid to navigation that intends to show the location of a danger to navigation based on its position relative to the danger using the “cardinal point”: north, east, south, west.
6. lateral mark	f. It is a device or structure external to the ship, designed to assist in determination of position, to define a safe course, or to warn of dangers or obstructions.
7. cardinal mark	g. A publication gives detailed information regarding lighted navigational aids and fog signals.
8. lighthouse	h. It is one of more objects of characteristic shape placed on top of a buoy or beacon to aid in its identification.
9. light list	i. It is a fixed artificial navigation mark
10. light-float	k. This is an onboard instrument, device, chart, method, etc., intended to assist in the navigation.

Exercise 7. Translate in Russian.

1. To assist in remembering cardinal marks one should associate the number of flashes of each group with that of a clock face: north is at twelve o'clock, east is at three o'clock, south is at six o'clock and west is at nine o'clock.

2. Charts or nautical manuals may be out-of-date, and buoyage is only a useful aid to navigation when it is related to an up-to-date chart.

3. The lights may not be working or occasionally buoys marked as unlit on the chart may be lit, besides buoys may drift from their original position by strong current or heavy weather.

4. The depth and position of navigation channels may have changed since the last buoyage surveys.

5. Imagine a clock with the bow of your boat at 12 o’clock. Everything from 3 to 9, from your starboard to your port beam is considered abaft. 9 o’clock is “on the port abeam;” 3 is “on the starboard abeam.” Noon is dead ahead; 6 is dead astern.

Exercise 8. Translate in English.

1. Огонь выставлен на высоте 76 футов над уровнем моря на треугольной железной башне высотой 60 футов, расположенной на западной стороне гавани.

2. Затмевающий огонь выставлен на высоте 204 фута (62,2 м) над уровнем моря на белой квадратной постройке высотой 21 фут, расположенной на внешней оконечности мола, его дальность видимости 12 миль.

3. На плавучий маяк нельзя полагаться, также как и на освещаемый береговой знак.

4. На каком расстоянии от порта находится этот маяк?

5. Что ограждают эти буи? – Эти буи ограждают мель.

Exercise 9. Read and translate. Check your translations by findings the corresponding point in Russian. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.

1. K. light is exhibited at an elevation of 28 feet (8,5 m) from black metal structure with a red lantern 24 feet (7,3 m) in height situated on the western side of the entrance to the harbour.	a) Два черных сферических швартовых буя для использования маячного тендера (посыльного судна) установлены на расстоянии одного и двух с половиной кабельтовых соответственно от скалы Вульфа.
2. Two black spherical mooring buoys for the use of the lighthouse tender are moored at distance of one and 2 ½ cables, respectively, from Wolf Rock.	b) Огонь К. Установлен на высоте 28 футов (8,5 м) на черном металлическом конструкции с красным фонарем высотой 4 фута (7,3 м), расположенной на западной стороне входа в гавань.
3. A white group-flashing light showing two flashes every ten seconds is shown westward from L. point.	c) Постоянный желтый огонь установлен на западном молу.
4. A can buoy, painted in red and white chequers, marks the extremity of Peril ledge.	d) Белый группопроблесковый огонь, показывающий два проблеска каждые 10 секунд, зажигается западнее мыса Л.
5. B. and N. lights in line, bearing 149°, lead to the harbour.	e) Цилиндрический буй, окрашенный в красную и белую клетку, ограждает восточную оконечность рифа (гряды камней) П.
6. A fixed yellow light is exhibited from the western mole.	f) Огни Б. и Н. в створе по пеленгу 149° ведут в гавань.

COMPREHENSIVE READING

1.	to spawn	вызывать
2.	to enhance	увеличить, усилить
3.	sake	цель, причина (употребляется в словосочетаниях)
4.	to encourage	ободрять; поощрять, поддерживать

Exercise 10. Choose the text, translate it and after that answer the questions. All new words and expressions should be added to your vocabulary of this lesson.

Text A. Types of Lights

Among the different types of lights the main ones are the following: the fixed light, the flashing light, the occulting, the alternating light, the isophase and the Morse code lights. All lights are indicated by abbreviations on nautical charts.

The fixed light is a light that shines continuously. This light shines with an unblinking and steady intensity and is always on. Its abbreviation is F.

The flashing light is abbreviated to Fl. But in nautical charts the abbreviations of the corresponding rhythms Q (quick – 50-80 flashes per minute) or VQ (very quick – 80-160 flashes per minutes) are used. The duration of the light is always less than the duration of the darkness.

The occulting light (Occ) is the opposite of the flashing one, the light is more on than off.

Isophase light has equal duration between light and darkness. A period consists of both a light and a dark interval. It is also called Equal Interval (E Int).

Group flashing light is actually a combination of two patterns in one period. In this example the first 2 flashes followed by the pattern of 3 flashes result in: Gp Fl(2+3).

An alternating light changes colour. This special purpose light is typically used for special applications requiring the exercise of great caution. For example, ALT.WG means alternating between green and white.

The Morse Code light shows two flashes and a long flash, which is equivalent to the letter “U” in Morse code.

Questions:

· What types of lights are mentioned in the text?

· What is the characteristic of F?

· What is the difference between Fl and Occ?

· Which light has the light intervals equal to dark intervals?

· What are group lights?

Text B. Types of Buoys

Buoys and beacons are used for making dangers at sea, for marking approaches to entrances, for defining channels, fairways and their positions etc. There are six types of navigation buoys: lateral, cardinal, isolated danger, safe water, new wreck and special buoys.

The location of lateral buoys defines the borders of channels and indicates the direction. Under IALA A red buoys mark the port side of the channel when returning from sea, and under IALA B green buoys mark the port side of the channel when sailing towards land. Red buoys have even numbers and red lights, while green buoys have odd numbers and green lights.

The cardinal buoys indicate the safe side of a danger with an approximate bearing. For example, the West cardinal buoy has safe water on its West and the danger on its East side. Notice the “clockwise” resemblance of the light phase characteristics.

The isolated danger buoy indicates the position of an isolated danger, contrary to cardinal buoys which indicate a direction away from the danger.

It should be mentioned that most horizontal striping spells “danger”, the safe water buoy is vertically striped.

After the sinking of the “Tricolor” in the Pas de Calais (Dover Straits) in 2002, several other vessels hit the wreck despite standard radio warnings, three guard ships and a lighted buoy. This incident spawned a new type of buoy, the emergency wreck marking buoy, which is placed as close as possible to a new dangerous wreck.

Questions:

· When are cardinal/lateral buoys used?

· How is the starboard/port side of the fairway indicated?

· How is the position of the danger indicated?

· What types of buoys are not described in this text?

· What is the reason for appearing of a new type of buoys?

Exercise 11. Retell the text, using the expressions listed below. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.

The text deals with…

The aim of the text is to provide some information on…

The text describes… Further it is said that… In conclusion…

The Lateral and Cardinal Lights

Aids to navigation are special structures like lighthouses, lightships, beacons, buoys, etc that are used to enhance safety. These lights and marks are prescribed across the world by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). In 1977 this IALA endorsed (рекомендовать) two maritime buoyage systems putting an end to the 30 odd systems existing at that time. Region A - IALA A covers all of Europe and most of the rest of the world, whereas region B - IALA B covers only the Americas, Japan, the Philippines and Korea. Fortunately, the differences between these two systems are few. The most striking difference is the direction of buoyage.

All marks within the IALA system are distinguished by: shape, colour, topmark and light. A cardinal mark indicates where the best and safest water may be found and is used in conjunction with a compass and it shows where the mariner has safe passage. A cardinal mark may indicate the deepest water in an area, the safe side on which to pass a danger or a feature in a channel such as a bend, junction or an end of a shoal. The system has special top marks that are black double cones clearly separated. Its colours can be black and yellow horizontal bands with the position of the black band or bands relative to the respective cardinal points. It should be mentioned that a cardinal mark exhibits a white light and its quadrant is distinguished by a specific group of quick or very quick flashes.

Lateral marks are usually positioned to define well established channels and indicate port and starboard sides of the navigation route into a port. A port mark is coloured red and the basic shape is a can. A starboard mark is coloured green and the basic shape is a cone.

Exercise 12. Different types of lights must be used aboard the ship. This information is taken from Rule 21 of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972. Read and translate this abstract. Then make the table about the types of lights and their characteristics. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.

Navigation Lights

In order to ensure a safe navigation, it is important to have the proper lights. Basic directions on a ship should be known in order to ensure that the ship has proper navigation lights. There are masthead light, towing light and combination light, sidelights and all-round lights.

A masthead light is a white light placed over centerline of the boat between the bow and stern. The light should show an unbroken light over an arc of 225 degrees from dead ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on both sides of the vessel. A second masthead light is required on vessels longer than 164 feet.

Sidelights are the colored lights on the port and starboard sides of the vessel. The port side light is red and the starboard light is green. These lights must show over an unbroken arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees from dead ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft of the beam on each side. In a vessel of less than 20 meters in length one lantern can be added to the side lights.

Combination light is used on vessels with less or more than average length of the commercial ships. For example, on a vessel less than 65 feet in length the sidelights may be combined in a single fixture on the centerline of the vessel.

A stern light is a white light showing over an unbroken arc of the horizon of 135 degrees and is dead astern.

It should be remembered that towing light can be yellow. A boat with a vessel in tow must display a yellow light that has the same arc as the stern light.

All-round lights are the lights which color is determined by the use. The light shows on an unbroken arc of 360 degrees. The most common all round light is a white anchor light, displayed to let other vessels know your vessel is at anchor. Boats less than 23 feet in length who are not anchored in a waterway where other boats normally pass do not have to display an anchor light.

Exercise 13. Fill in the gaps with the given words. Translate the text. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.

navigable channels, open sea, American, landfall lights, danger, Europe,

shoals, cardinal system, lateral marks, buoyage systems

Buoyage Systems

There are two major types of…: the lateral system and the cardinal system. The lateral system is used for marking the boundaries of …. The description of each buoy indicates the direction of … relative to the course of the channel, which is normally followed. The … is used to indicate isolated obstructions to navigation such as rocks, shoals and islands as well as for isolated dangers in the …. The characteristics of each buoy indicates the approximate direction of the danger it marks.

The lateral and cardinal buoyage system is principally used world wide. However, for the lateral buoyage system there exist two different implementations.

Buoyage system "Region A" is used in …, Africa, Asia and Australia. Buoyage system "Region B" is used on the … continent as well as in Japan, Korea and the Philippines. The lateral system is of high important that’s why it should be studied. Lateral Marks means direction of buoyage. … are generally for well-defined channels and there are two international Buoyage Regions - A and B - where these Lateral marks differ. Where in force, the IALA System applies to all fixed and floating marks except …, leading lights and marks, sectored lights and major floating lights. The standard buoy shapes are cylindrical (can), conical, spherical, pillar and spar, but variations may occur.

It is important to remember that buoyage is only a guideline. Local lighthouse or coast guard authorities may occasionally decided to deviate from (уклоняться от) the IALA recommendations. An experienced navigator will use all his skills to assess how much faith to place in any navigational aids.

Exercise 14. Choose the proper word. Translate the text. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.

Types of Marks

The IALA Maritime Buoyage System applies to all fixed and (swimming, floatable, floating) marks, other than lighthouses, sector lights, leading lights and day marks. Most lighted and unlighted (icons, beacons, cones) other than leading marks are included in the system. In general, beacon top marks will have the same shape and color as those used on (buoys, buoys, boyus). The IALA buoyage system provides five types of marks which may be used in any combination: lateral and cardinal marks, (insulated, isolated, isulated) danger and safe water marks and special marks.

Lateral marks indicate port and starboard sides of (navigation, navigable, navigated) channels. Cardinal marks (named "Eastern marks", "Southern marks", "Western marks" and "Northern marks") indicate that the navigable water lies to the named (direction, current, tend) of the mark. Isolated danger marks are erected on or moored directly over dangers of (separated, limited, detached) extend, e.g. an isolated shoal, rock or reef. (Save, Safe, Sake) water marks can indicate, for example, mid channel buoys. Special marks indicate special features e.g. spoil grounds or prohibited (encourages, anchorages, station). Their purpose is determined from the nautical chart or other nautical documents. The special marks will be yellow can, conical or spar buoys. Top mark, if any, will be a yellow cross.

In contrast to a cardinal mark an "isolated danger mark" has navigable water all around its position. The nautical chart may show some information on the extention of the hazard, otherwise keep an appropriate safety distance to the danger mark. Isolated danger marks are colored black with one or more red horizontal bands. Light, when fitted is a white flashing light showing a group of two flashes (Fl.(2) W).

New dangers and wrecks, not yet indicated in the charts, will be marked according to this system. If the danger is especially grave, at least one of the marks is (copied, duplicated, reviewed). The duplicated marks are identical. One of the duplicated marks may be fitted with a racon ("radar beacon") coded "D".

Exercise 15. Decipher (расшифровывать) the following abbreviations of lights, using the example.

Example: Gr. Fl (2) 5 sec. 105 ft. 20 M

A group flashing light, two flashes in a group, the period of flash is 5 seconds, the elevation is 105 feet, the distance of visibility is 20 miles.

Группопроблесковый огонь, два проблеска в группе, период 5 секунд, высота 105 футов и дальность видимости 20 миль.

1. Gr. Occ. (4) WR 5 sec. 110ft. 10 M (U)

2. Alt. W.R. 50 ft. 10 M

3. Fl. 4 sec. 120 ft. 15 M

4. Iso R 2 sec.

5. F.R. 45 ft. 12 M.

Exercise 16. Choose the right variant. Study the text “ Types of Lights ” first.

1. A light which is constantly visible.	a) a flashing light	c) an occulting light
b) a fixed light	d) an isophase light
2. A light which changes its colour is…	a) flashing	c) red
b) green	d) alternating
3. A light which has a light and a dark interval of equal durations is …	a) constantly invisible	c) occulting
b) isophase	d) leading
4. A light which has a longer light interval and a shorter dark one.	a) a flashing light	c) an occulting light
b) a fixed light	d) an isophase light
5. The duration of eclipse is longer than that of light.	a) a flashing light	c) an occulting light
b) a fixed light	d) an isophase light
6. The most conspicuous light by far is …	a) a flashing light	c) an occulting light
b) a fixed light	d) an isophase light
7. The light that shows different colours one by one.	a) a flashing light	c) group-flashing light
b) a alternating light	d) an isophase light

Exercise 17. Which word is the odd one out? Why? Check the meaning of new words in your dictionary. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.

	square	circular	concrete	pyramidal
	pillar	base	pole	post
	cable	fathom	mile	mast
	hut	dwelling	foot	house
	green	front	red	white
	brick	stone	wood	granite
	flash	tower	sparkle	eclipse
	exhibited	shown	disposed	erected
	cape	point	mole	bay
	buoy	mark	light	stamp

Exercise 18. Use your dictionary and match the opposites.

northern show black short horizontal westward band high eastward dark land southern fixed white rear eclipse sea low front flash alternating light vertically stripe long hide

Exercise 19. Complete the test.

Test

1. We must sail _____ the buoy.	a) up	c) around
b) next	d) down
2. Switch _____ the anchor lights.	a) from	c) of
b) at	d) on
3. Turn hard to starboard _____ the first buoy.	a) against	c) in
b)over	d) at
4. Keep going ____ the two lights are in line.	a) up	c) near
b) along	d) until
5. They have _____ on the anchor lights.	a) switch	c) be switched
b) switched	d) switching

Exercise 20. Get readyto speak about one of the followingtopics:

1. Types of lights and their characteristics.

2. Types of buoys and their functions.

3. The buoyage systems: lateral and cardinal systems.

4. Navigation lights.

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