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The use of can and may is parallel in the following meanings:
· possibility due to circumstances
· permission / asking for permission
· reproach.
In these meanings, however, they are not always interchangeable.
1) In the meaning of possibility due to circumstances the use of may is restricted only to affirmative sentences, whereas can is found in all kinds of sentences.
Another difference is that can usually expresses a more general possibility, whereas may denotes possibility of something happening in a particular situation: e.g. Moving to a new job can be a very stressful experience. Some dogs can be very dangerous. The temperature can sometimes reach 35C° in July. With the factory closing next week, he may lose his job. Both could and might combined with the Perfect infinitive indicate that the action was not carried out in the past. e.g. He might have found the book at the library. He could have found the book at the library. It follows from the above that the sphere of application of can in this meaning is wider than that of may. 2) In the meaning of permission may sounds more formal than can which is characteristic of colloquial English. May (might) I speak to you for a moment, professor? May I come in? Can (could) I have a cup of tea, Mother? Can I borrow your dictionary? May in negative sentences expressing prohibition is uncommon. 3) Both could and might combined with the Perfect infinitive are used to express reproach, though may is much more often used in this meaning than “could”. e.g. You might have reminded me about the meeting. You could have backed my proposal at the conference. |
Ex. 46. Correct the mistakes in these sentences using may, might, can or could.
Example: It was a bad accident. We can could have been killed.
1. They can be going to increase airport fees to pay for increased security.
2. Don't turn off the computer yet. Someone can still be using it.
3. In late 18th century Scotland, you may be hanged for stealing a sheep.
4. These people can have a lot of money, but it doesn't make them interesting.
5. By Friday I can have finished the book, but if I get too busy, I can not.
6. May someone tell me where the main office is?
7. We know he doesn't tell the truth, so we really might not believe any of his stories.
8. He asked me last night if you may be willing to talk to Margaret for him.
9. According to the forecast, the weather can be a bit warmer today.
10. This switch isn't working. May the children have broken it?
Ex.47. Complete the comment using the word in capitals (could and might in the meaning of reproach or the action that was not carried out in the past).
| You almost dropped the computer and you nearly damaged it. You could have damaged the computer! | COULD |
| You weren’t careful when you were carrying it. You ________________________________________ | MIGHT |
| It would have been a good idea to ask for help! You ________________________________________ | MIGHT |
| You pulled out the sheet of paper and you nearly broke the printer! You ________________________________________ | COULD |
| You opened an e-mail and the computer nearly got a virus. The computer ________________________________________ | COULD |
| Why didn’t you check the name of the sender? You ________________________________________ | MIGHT |
| The computer almost crashed and you would have lost all your work. You ________________________________________ | COULD |
| That was nearly a very serious problem. That ________________________________________ | COULD |
| You didn’t tell me you hadn’t used a computer before! You ________________________________________ | MIGHT |
Ex.48. Complete each paragraph with one set of modals (not necessarily in this order).
could / may / might can't / couldn't / may could / may / may not
1. Someone said that Peter was born in China, but that (1) …….. be correct. I think his
parents (2) …….. have worked in China before he was born, but they had moved back to London before 1990, so he (3) …….. have been born in China.
2. Hi, Charles. It’s me, Nick. I’msorry, but we (4) …….. be able to play golf tomorrow.
According to the forecast, it (5) …….. rain all day. I suspect that you (6)…….. be willing to play in the rain, but I'm not.
3. I was hoping you (7) …….. have time to read this letter before I send it off. I'm worried
that it (8) …….. seem a bittoo vague. (9) …….. you look at it for me?
Ex.49. Rewrite the following sentences in such a way so that they have a similar meaning to the first. Use the appropriate modal verbs.
1. You can't take those old books out of the library.
It isn't.................................................................................
2. Perhaps we will go to Mexico on holiday this year.
We........................................................................... this year.
3. Samantha could finally find a new job only after looking for it for several months.
Samantha................... to find............................................
4. I'm sure Wilkins isn't the thief.
Wilkins..................................................................... the thief.
5. Is it possible that I ask you a personal question?
.................................................................... a personal question?
6. Peter's parents didn't let him play out with Jonathan.
Peter wasn't........................................................ with Jonathan.
7. Margaret still hasn't made up her mind whether to study medicine or not.
Margaret................ decide whether ………………
8. It is possible that she is hurt about what they said yesterday.
She................................................. about what they said yesterday.
9. You won’t lose weight because you eat too much sweets
10. The boss didn't let Mary use the fax machine.
Mary wasn't..................................................................... the fax machine.
Ex.50. Fill in the blanks with may /might or can/ could and make all necessary changes.
1. You …….. (warn) me about it beforehand.
2. The weather is changing. It …….. (start) raining.
3. No, he …….. (not hear) your name. We tried to speak in a whisper.
4. He …….. (not hear) your name. That's why he did not say anything.
5. She …….. (not notice) us. We were standing too far away.
6. She …….. (not notice) us though we were standing beside her. 7. …….. I use your name as a referee?
8. She …….. (not hear) the news, that's why she looks as if nothing had happened.
9. She …….. (not hear) the news, nobody …….. tell her about it. 10. The professor says that I …….. (rewrite) the essay.
11. …….. I use your phone?
12. He …….. (help) them when they were in trouble.
13. …….. he (say) it? No, it's not like him. He is a man of few words.
Ex.51. Choose the correct form.
a) Level 1:
1. That Englishman was speaking so fast that I …….. to understand him.
A/couldn't C/ didn't manage
B/ not be able to D/ didn't allow
2. I would like …….. ride a motorbike.
A/ to can C/ being able to
B/ to be able to D/ to could
3. I'm sure John is home at this hour. He …….. working so long.
A/ can't be C/ couldn't
B/can't D/can't have
4. You …….. go thereat all! I don't agree.
A/ can C/ are able to
B/ can't D/ are allowed to
5. She …….. be outside. (it is possible.)
A/ is able to C/ could
B/ is allowed to D/ might
6. Steven to write computer programmes since he left college.
A/ can
C/ is able
B/might
D/ has been able
7. My daughter …….. take the driving test last year. She was too young.
A/ can't C/ didn't manage
E/couldn't D/ wasn't allowed
8. The people from the rear seats hear you very well. Please, speak up.
A/ are able to C/ can' t
E/can D/aren't able
9. It was a very tricky question but Paul …….. answer it at last,
A/ could C/ was able
B/ couldn't D/ managed to
10. When our children grow up, we …….. enjoy some peace and quiet.
A/ could C/ might
B/ will be able to D/ will be allowed to
b) Level 2:
1. I don't like the way you study. I think you …….. harder!
a) might have worked
b) might work
c) could work
d) could have worked
2. Let's wait a little. He ……...
a) may have come
b) could have come
c) may come
d) might have come
3. She …….. of the plan herself. Somebody has suggested it to her.
a) can't have thought
b) may not have thought
c) can't think
d) may not think
4. They …….. our telegram, that's why they did not meet us.
a) couldn't have received
b) can't have received
c) may not have received
d) may not receive
5. She …….. my letter! — Don't be so angry with her.
She …….. it by mistake,
a) may not read, may do
b) cannot read, can do
c) might not have read, can't have done
d) can't have read, might not have done
6. He …….. it. I don't believe you.
a) is not able to say
b) might not say
c) can't have said
d) might not have said
Ex. 52. Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verbs can or may in the correct form.
1. I don't believe that he has done the work carelessly.
2. Perhaps, you changed at the wrong station, that's why it took you so long to get here.
3. I think he will be able to substitute for you in case you shouldn't come.
4. Is it not in your power to change the time-table?
5. Most probably he did not see you, otherwise he would have come up to you.
6. Perhaps, I shall have to take him to hospital; it is possible that he has broken his arm.
7. Why blame her? Maybe she did not know it was so urgent.
8. It is impossible that she has wrongly interpreted your words.
9. I suppose they were unable to get in touch with you.
10. Would you mind my.smoking here?
Ex.53. Fill in the blanks with may, might, can or could.
1. I... be away from home tomorrow.
2. He... have been hurt.
3. They... have said something of the kind, buy I hardly believe it.
4. If she... not call on me, she... have called me up at least.
5 You... walk miles in this district without seeing a house.
6. - How do you do it, if I... ask?
- Simply phonetics. I... place any man within six miles.
7. The letters... have been written in this very house.
8.... you hear what he is saying?
9. Buy this dictionary. You... want it one day.
10. I... not imagine her teaching children, she used to be so impatient; but who knows, time changes people; she... have become quite different.
11. It was a very popular song at the time, you... hear it everywhere.
12. Something was wrong with the receiver, I... not hear you well.
13. I was so angry, I... have thrown my boots at him.
14. You never... tell, everything... turn out quite all right.
Ex. 54. Translate into English.
1. Ти міг би залишитися вдома хоча б один вечір на тиждень. Мама була дуже засмутилася.
2. Мені щось нездужається. Я, можливо, захворіла. Можна мені трошки відпочити? - Звичайно ж. Ти могла б це зробити давно.
3. Скажи йому, що він міг би бути більш уважним до своїх старих друзів.
4. Ви не могли б дати мені його адресу?
5. Невже вона вже приїхала?
6. Схоже, що буде дощ, але, хто знає, може завтра буде хороша погода.
7. Я думаю, що ви зможете переконати його, якщо спробуєте.
8. Я думаю, що ви змогли б переконати його, якщо б спробували.
9. Чому Пітера немає на заняттях? – Він потрапив до лікарні з нападом апендициту. Його, можливо, вже прооперували.
10. Ти міг би відразу сказати, що не хочеш йти в театр. Я б не купував квиток.
11. Можна мені тут почекати? - Так, звичайно.
Ex. 55. Act out the conversation in pairs.
Peter: You see, Jack, we are thinking of going to the seaside in the summer. Have you made your holiday plans yet? If not, you may join us.
Jack: Well, that's very kind of you. When are you thinking of going?
Peter: Oh, we might leave some time in August. At the end of it, I think.
Jack: Do you know how much it's going to cost?
Peter: I don't know for certain. It might be not very expensive, if we live in a camping.
Jack: Oh, that'll be nice. Are all our friends going?
Peter: I think, most of all us may be going. Not Dot, of course. She is off to Italy again. She may have been staying there for 2 weeks already.
Jack: Has she gone by plane there?
Peter: I don't know really. Somebody said she might have gone there by sea. Well, will you go with us?
Jack: Yes, with great pleasure.
Peter: Fine.
MUST
| The modal verb must has the following meanings: 1) Obligation from the speaker’s point of view.Inthis meaning it is found in affirmative and interrogative sentences and followed only by the simple infinitive. e.g. You mustcome to class on time. We also use must to express obligation imposed by authorities in orders and rules. e.g. Safety helmets mustbe worn. All visitors mustsign in. Must is found in present-time contexts with reference to the present or future: e.g. He must go there tonight (мусить, повинен, йому треба, необхідно). In past-time contexts must is used only in reported speech, i.e. the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with it. e.g. He said that he must go there. In order to express obligation referred to the past had to is used instead of must: e.g. I had to go there (був змушений). 2) Prohibition. e.g. He must not leave his room for awhile. – Він не повинен виходити з кімнати певний час. This meaning is expressed in negative sentences and must is also followed by the simple infinitive. Note. Absence of necessity (in Ukrainian не треба, немає необхідності) is expressed by other verbs (see to have and need). 3) Emphatic advice,which is usually rendered into Ukrainian by means of «неодмінно, обов'язково повинні»: e.g. We musthave a party at the end of term. You must come andsee us when you're in London. You must stopworrying about your son. You mustn'tgive another thought to what he said. You mustn't miss the film. It is very good. This meaning is found in affirmative and negative sentences and is closely connected with the two above mentioned meanings. 4) in its suppositional meaning must expresses supposition implying strong probability: e.g. Look at that car! Ali’s parents must have a lot of money! It must be late as the streets are deserted. Must in this meaning is found only in affirmative sentences. In Ukrainian this meaning is generally rendered by means of the attitudinal adverbs “(цілком) вірогідно”, “імовірно”, “напевно”, “певно”. In English this meaning may also be expressed by means of the attitudinal adverb probably, evidently, obviously, apparently. In this meaning must may be followed by different forms of the infinitive. a) If reference is made to the present, the Simple Infinitive is used with stative verbs. e.g. He must know her. They went to the same school. b) With dynamic verbs The Continuous Infinitive is used to express strong probability referred to the present. e.g. The book is not on the shelf. Jane must be readingit. Let's have something to eat. You must be starving. Listen. It must be raining outside. Note.If must is followed by the simple infinitive of dynamic verbs, it expresses obligation. e.g. Jane must read the book. You muststay here. c) Mustin combination with the Perfect Infinitive refers the action to the past. e.g. Someone must have taken the key because it isn’t there. We realized he must have lied. d) Must with the Perfect Continuous Infinitive is used indicate an action begun in the past and continued into the moment of speaking, or an action of some duration in the past. He must have been waiting for an hour. |
Ex.56. Complete the following sentences using must.
1.If you want to know English well, you...
2.If your spelling is poor, you...
3.If she wants to cross the street and there is a red light, she …
4.If you are unwell, you...
5.If she wants to get to the university in time, she...
6.If he makes a lot of grammar mistakes, he...
7.If the students want to know grammar, they...
8.If the football players want to win the match, they …;
9.If his English is poor, he...
10. If you want to be healthy, you...
Ex. 57. Paraphrase the following questions using must. Answer them expressing obligation or the absence of neccesity.
1.Is it neccesary for us to read the text?
2.Is it necessary for me to visit him there?
3.Is it necessary for you to explain your choice?
4.Is it necessary for me to go to the meeting?
5.Is it necessary for them to meet her?
6.Is it necessary for me to leave at once?.
7.Is it necessary for us to invite her tonight?
8.Is it necessary for him to speak to the Dean?
9.Ts it necessary for her to consult the doctor?
10. Is it necessary for me to do it now?
Ex.58. Express prohibition.
1. It was so impossible, Judith, and I'm going to forbid it absolutely. (do such a thing)
2. I'm talking very seriously, Pat, I'm quite serious, really. (laugh)
3. I wonder if I may give some nuts to these birds. (visitors, feed these birds)
4. Oh, no, why should I pay such a big fine? (cross the road while the lights are red)
5. You must speak out. (allow your sister to take such a mad step)
6. Don't enter the bedroom. Larry is sleeping, he's extremely tired after his journey. (disturb him)
7. I know it's time for you to catch your train. (stay here any longer)
8. You are running a temperature, Mary. I think, it's flu. (go out)
9. Peter, it's me. Mary is ill: it's flu and it's very catching. (visit her)
10. Well, it's my book. I wonder where you've got it? (borrow my books without asking)
Ex.59. Choose the correct option.
1. His German is very poor. He must (study/be studying/have studied) very hard.
2. His German is very good, he must (study/be studying/have studied) very hard.
3. His German is considerably improved, ho must (study/be studying/have studied) hard during his holiday.
4. He must (study/be studying/have been studying) German these two years, his German is rather rich and fluent.
5. She must (have taken/be taking/have been taking/ a bath at that moment, that's why she did not answer your call.
6. She must (be/be being/ have been) at home now, we saw her leaving the office.
7. She must (be/be being/have been) at home, she can't go away because there is no one to look after her sick mother.
8. You must always (think/be thinking/have thought) twice before you say anything.
9. Now he must (think/ be thinking/have thought) of what she has said.
10. He knows they are coming. They must (write/be writing/ have written) to him of their arrival in due time.
11. She must (play/be playing/have been playing) the piano now.
12. The foreigner must (understand/understood/have understood) me, for he nodded his head.
13. Where is Sara? I haven't seen her for a long time. — She must (stay/be staying/have stayed) at her friends'. She wanted to spend July with them.
14. He must (get/be getting/ have got) all he needed, otherwise he would have come again.
15. We must (meet/have met/have been meeting) somewhere before.
Ex. 60. Open the brackets and use the proper infinitive after the verb must.
1. Look! All people in the street are going with their umbrellas up. It must (rain).
2. He has changed his job. He must (follow) your advice.
3. He must (fall) ill. Otherwise he would have come to the party.
4. Where is Michael? He must (be) here by now. — He lives in the country. He must (miss) the train.
5. What a dreadful noise! What is the matter? — Our neighbors must (quarrel) again.
6. Nobody must (notice) that he was not used to speaking in public.
7. The criminal must (be) very careful. He did not leave any fingerprints.
8. We are late, I am afraid. Ann must (wait) for us.
9. He must (forget) that he promised to come.
10. They must (write) a composition for two hours. They must (be) tired.
11. You must (misunderstand) me, I did not want to hurt your feelings.
12. Nobody must (see) him enter. Everybody startled when he came in.
13.1 hear someone's steps outside. She must (go).
14. You may find him in the garden. He must (read).
15. It is impossible to change anything. One must (take) things as they are.
Ex. 61. Paraphrase the following sentences using the verb must.
Example: I am sure they have changed the time. — They must have changed the time.
1. They are in Greece. I am sure they are enjoying themselves.
2. She is an experienced teacher. I am certain she has been working at school for at least twenty years. 3. They have probably finished painting the house.
4. I feel sure she is at home.
5. Probably they have already passed the frontier.
6. She is sure he is playing cards with his friends.
7. She is not very young, as she seems to be. I think she is nearly forty.
8. I think you have visited this place before.
9. He has to do a very urgent task. I feel sure he is working now.
10. He is so absent-minded. I am sure he left the letter unanswered.
11. You know he is a good tennis player. He is no doubt has won this match.
12.I won’t bother you any longer; no doubt you feel tired of my talking after a tiring day.
13. It is clear that they are expecting somebody.
14. She was obviously upset by something; I never saw her so nervous.
15. The youth is probably reading something funny. He is smiling all the time.
Ex. 62. Translate the following negative sentences into English, using must, where possible, and probably and be likely in other cases.
1. Напевно, він не зробив помилки.
2. Напевно вона не мала досвіду.
3. Імовірно він не дав відповіді.
4. Певно вони не приймають заходів.
5. Напевно вона не звертає уваги на це.
6. Вірогідно грошей за роботу вони не отримують.
7. Напевно він ще тут.
8. Напевно йде дощ.
9. Ймовірно, дощу завтра не буде.
10. Певно це не було зроблено вчасно.
Ex. 63. Complete the following sentences using must.
1. He turned pale on hearing the news, it....
2. Whatever happens....
3. There's a light in her window....
4. Come on, Peter. We....
5. It's such a pity....
6. She's so excited....
7. I had a feeling that....
8. In the end I came to the conclusion that....
9. I'm afraid....
10. My eyes hurt....
11. He isn't here now....
12. Come, come, Helen, you....
13. It's raining cats and dogs....
14. The child is crying bitterly....
15. Whatever you do....
Ex. 64. To practise must, make up situations of your own using the following patterns.
1. Напевно він...
- хворий.
- працює в цьому офісі.
- зупинився в готелі.
- втратив свої ключі.
- працює тут з самого ранку.
2. Він напевно буде...
- тут завтра.
- у відпустці в Каліфорнії цього літа.
- спати, коли ми прийдемо.
- ще в офісі в цей час.
3. Він напевно не...
- був ніколи бідним.
- зрозумів нас.
- взяв цю книгу.
- зателефонував їй.
4. Не можна...
- так гомоніти.
- щоб діти чули, про що ми говоримо. Зачини двері, будь ласка.
- залишатися тут: може хтось прийти.
- не взяти до уваги його слова.
Ex. 65. Translate into English.
1. Вона, напевно, зараз у читальному залі.
2. Ви повинні приходити на заняття вчасно.
3. Ти повинен негайно піти додому. Тебе чекає мама.
4. Я повинен виїхати завтра.
5. Вони, очевидно, готуються зараз до іспитів.
6. Вибачте, але я повинен відповісти на цей телефонний дзвінок.
7. Чи потрібно мені допомогти йому? - Ні, я зроблю це сам.
8. Ви повинні приймати ці ліки тричі на день.
9. Ти повинен багато працювати, щоб оволодіти англійською мовою.
10. Вона напевно забула їх адресу.
11. Ймовірно його не запросили на цю зустріч.
12. Його прохання має бути виконано негайно.
13. У мене нежить. Я напевно застудився.
14. Ви не повинні закривати вікно, в кімнаті душно.
15. Я напевно спізнююся. Вже темніє.
16. Вам не можна входити сюди. Тут йде іспит.
17. Люди не повинні забувати про своє минуле.
18. Очевидно, їй не сподобався вечір, оскільки вона пішла рано.
19. Вона напевно захворіла. Інакше вона б вже прийшла сюди.
20. Імовірно вони зараз обговорюють результати іспитів. Подивися, як вони схвильовані.
21. Чи повинні ми вивчити цей текст напам'ять? - Ні, не треба.
22. Він напевно гостює у своїх друзів, оскільки писав, що проводить свою відпустку у них.
23. Вони, напевно, пишуть твір вже близько двох годин і незабаром мають закінчити.
24. Вони, напевно, не зпізнилися на потяг. Інакше вони б вже повернулися.
25. Вони зобов'язані допомогти вам в цій ситуації.
26. Нам потрібно взяти таксі, якщо ми хочемо встигнути на поїзд.
27. Том, напевно, забув виконати твоє прохання.
28. Він, напевно, неправильно зрозумів тебе.
29. Їй, напевно, близько 20 років.
30. Він напевно працює вчителем вже 5 років недалеко від Ліверпуля.
31. Тут не можна шуміти.
32. Йому не треба вставати рано, у нього канікули.
33. Вже пізно. Ми повинні залишити бібліотеку.
34. Ви не повинні смалити. Ви повинні приділяти більше уваги своєму здоров'ю.
35. Ви, напевно, нічого не знаєте про нашу зустріч.
36. Напевно ми неправильно записали адресу. Такого будинку тут немає.
37. У той день ми напевно пройшли близько 10 миль.
38. Вони повинні повернути всі гроші.
39. Я не бачив Джека, але знав, що він, ймовірно, чекає мене десь тут.
40. Він повинен потрапити туди до 8 години.
41. Вони, ймовірно, не бачили її з літа.
42. В будинку, напевно, зараз нікого немає.
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