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Cigarette Recipe
Many of us worry about the alarming number of additives, colourings, preservatives and other ingredients that are added to the food we eat. But how many of us know what is in cigarettes - apart from the obvious - or what's produced when they're smoked?
Some cigarette flavourings include childhood favourites like cocoa, vanilla, liquorice, sugar, and even honey.
However, more than 4,000 chemicals can be found in cigarette smoke, some of which are very familiar. Here are just some of the ingredients you'll need to make your own cigarettes:
Smoking: what it's really doing
We all know that smoking is bad for us. The effects of smoking are numerous and often deadly.
Television campaigns and warnings on cigarette packets mean we are well aware of the dangers of smoking, but what else is it doing to our bodies?
But smoking is responsible for a much wider range of conditions.
Take a look at some of the less well known facts about smoking [EB2]:
- 30% of all cancer deaths are caused by smoking.
- Every cigarette you smoke takes 11 minutes off your life.
- Smoking kills about 3 million people every year. Some aren’t even smokers. They are people who live or work with heavy-smokers.
- Smokers in their 40s have as many facial wrinkles as non-smokers in their 60s.
- Smoking gives you yellow teeth, bad breath and hollow cheeks from repeated sucking on cigarettes.
- Over 17,000 under-fives are admitted to hospital every year because of the effects of passive smoking.
- Smoking causes heart attacks. By the way, heart disease is now the number-one killer in Russia.
- Nicotine isn’t the only bad thing in cigarettes, there are over 400 chemicals in one cigarette that are known to be harmful.
- Cigarette smoke clogs and makes lungs awfully dirty. Smoking causes bronchitis, asthma and emphysema and other lung diseases plus oral cancer. Lung disease now kills more women in Britain than breast cancer. The number of women dying from lung disease in the UK is twice the European average. A smoker is 22 times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non-smoker.
- Nicotine is as addictive as heroin or cocaine. Seven out of 10 smokers want to quit, but can’t.
- You’ll become richer. Cigarettes cost money.
So think twice before lighting up that cigarette of yours!
· Vocabulary File
| passive smoking the deadly effects of smoking to inhale to deposit on smb’s lungs and clog them up to be linked with a substantially increased risk of a range of serious chronic health problems to die from tobacco-related disease to adjudicate to be susceptible to smth. to lead to an increased risk of miscarriage and complications after the birth to be aware of the dangers of smoking to refrain from smoking |
· Answer the questions:
HOW TO ASSESS THE LEVEL OF NICOTINE ADDICTION [EB3]?
If you want to help someone assess the extent to which a cigarette smoker is addicted to nicotine, you need ask just two key questions: How long after waking do they smoke their first cigarette and How many cigarettes do they smoke a day? The shorter the time and the more cigarettes smoked reflects how addicted they are.
The Fagerstrom test is the most widely used assessment procedure for seeing how addicted to nicotine someone is.
Try completing it now for yourself or for someone else.
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How did you do?
If your score is below 4 points, your addiction to nicotine is not all that severe and you should be able to stop smoking fairly easily. If you score above 7 points your nicotine dependence is high. For your situation, the best strategy is to consult your doctor about stopping.
SMOKING AND THE YOUNG
Study the following facts
4. Read this extract from the letters page in a health magazine and discuss it[EB4].
DOES YOUR TEENAGE DAUGHTER SMOKE?
Our daughter, Tasha, has started sixth form college this autumn and as we feel that part of her education should be learning to handle her own money, we have given her an allowance which is paid into a bank account on the first of each month. With this she has to buy clothes and pay for her entertainment, travel, etc.
I am very concerned lest she starts spending a large portion of it on cigarettes, but I can see no way of preventing this if she wants to do so. Despite all the anti-smoking campaigns, she tells us that the majority of students do seem to smoke. Two of her best friends are virtual chain-smokers out of college hours. Although Tasha does not smoke when she is at home at weekends and assures us that she never buys cigarettes, she does smoke when she is offered them by her friends.
We cannot forbid her to smoke, but we don’t want her to feel she has to lie to us. I know that it is only a small jump from having the odd cigarette to buying a packet of ten and then a packet of 20. By giving her an allowance we are making this possible for her.
I only hope that either she finds a boyfriend who hates even the smell of tobacco or she will become so keen on saving up the smell of tobacco or she will become so keen on saving up her money for new clothes that she would begrudge even the cost of roll-ups.
I wonder how other parents who are concerned for their children’s health cope with this problem?
· Discuss:
· Pair work:
Make up a short dialogue between a smoker and a non-smoker. The non-smoker is trying to persuade the smoker to give up, but the smoker does not really want to. Now act it out.
5. Read and sum up the article in 5-6 sentences. Discuss the given points.
IMAGES OF BAD HABITS HAVE MAJOR IMPACT ON YOUNG
The Daily Mail
October,13th 2004
Images of smoking, drinking and drug-taking in films and magazines have an impact on young people's behaviour, researchers claimed today.
Surveys of almost 600 school children and young people concluded that these images had a greater effect on what they ended up doing than anything others might say to them.
Lead researcher Professor Paschal Sheeran, from the University of Sheffield, said the visual impressions could affect people without them even being aware what was happening.
His research, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), dismisses the idea that images in advertising and the mass media, including pictures of slim young women, have no influence on those who see them.
The study involved 450 secondary school-age pupils and 118 undergraduates who completed surveys and controlled experiments to see whether and how much their own health choices were influenced by portrayals of smokers as "cool" and drinkers as "one of the lads".
Professor Sheeran found that young people were generally not affected by what other people thought, particularly when it came to risk-taking pursuits such as smoking and drinking.
This meant that if they decided to smoke, use drugs or exercise they would probably just do so.
But the researcher said that in reaching their decision they were more impressed by what other people did rather than what they said.
The researchers said their findings could be valuable to the Government and other groups keen to tackle unhealthy habits, especially in young people.
Professor Sheeran said: "Young people have ideas about what the typical person who smokes, drinks, or exercises is like, and these images have an important effect on their own behaviour because they influence their decisions and willingness to do the same.
"Our experiments showed that in the same way that many people think that advertising affects others but not themselves, images can influence people, even though they don't believe this to be the case."
Researchers asked the young people, aged 14 to 19, about their healthy activities such as exercise, sleep and eating breakfast, as well as risky ones, such as smoking, drinking and using drugs.
They found that, regardless of their willingness or conscious intentions, young people were more likely to do a particular thing when they thought the image was positive and something they could identify with.
The researchers said this was true whether the activity was a healthy or risky one.
Professor Sheeran said: "The next time you're watching a TV programme, look to see how often someone is smoking or drinking, and how often you see someone taking physical exercise. Ask yourself what images are being presented”.
"Do you think it matters how often these images are presented and whether they are likeable or dislikeable?"
· Do you agree that:
1. Images of smoking, drinking and drug-taking in films and magazines have an impact on young people's behaviour?
2. The visual impressions could affect people without them even being aware what was happening.
3. The researchers said their findings could be valuable to the Government and other groups keen to tackle unhealthy habits, especially in young people.
4. It matters how often these images are presented and whether they are likeable or dislikeable.
Read the article.
Discuss the following points:
1. the concept of the exhibition
2. the results of the shock tactics
3. the message of the exhibition
Do you think this sort of exhibition may discourage children from taking up smoking?
TEENS SHOWN DEAD BODIES TO STOP THEM SMOKING
The Daily Mail
September,27th 2004
Shock tactics to discourage youngsters from smoking are being used in an exhibition featuring dead human bodies.
Teenagers are being allowed in free to the Bodies Revealed exhibition displaying the diseased lungs of dead smokers.
“One of the most powerful messages in our exhibition is witnessing with your own eyes what smoking does to our bodies.“
"We encourage parents to bring their kids to the exhibit. Many of the kids leave saying I'll never smoke!"
The move received the backing of anti-smoking campaigners ASH, whose research manager Amanda Sandford said, "Children are taught about the dangers of smoking but the real danger is that you can't see the damage that smoking can do to you.
"This exhibition is a way of solving that problem because it shows first-hand just how smoking eventually kills you."
At the Blackpool exhibition, staff have erected a display, showing healthy lungs beside a pair infected with lung cancer, in a prime position.
It also features full, dissected human specimens preserved using a revolutionary process called 'polymer preservation'.
In total there are 13 full human bodies on display, plus 200 organs, allowing visitors the chance to see close up how our bodies work and how they are effected by disease.
SMOKING AND WOMEN
7. Study the given facts. Which facts do you find the most horrifying [EB5]?
- Female smokers are more susceptible to lung cancer than male smokers.
- 41,000 women die every year from smoking. That's 112 every day.
- Female smokers have a 30 per cent lower fertility rate than non-smokers.
- Smoking when pregnant leads to an increased risk of miscarriage and complications after the birth.
- Women who smoke and take the contraceptive pill are 10 times more likely to suffer a heart attack.
- Pregnant women (especially teenagers) who smoke will face a lot of pregnancy risks. They even may give birth to stillborn babies.
- Babies of women smokers are more likely to have mental disorders than babies of women non-smokers.
- Babies with mothers who smoke develop more slowly during childhood.
- Girls, cigarette packs leave no room in your room in your purse for your compact and lipstick.
8. Group work. Read the Texts A and B. Highlight the main ideas.
Group 1 reads and presents Text A, Group 2 reads and presents Text B.
Are the facts and figures in the article striking?
Is it important that women should be aware of the dangers of smoking during pregnancy?
What is being done and what are the risks?
Text A
SMOKING 'AS BAD AS COCAINE'
by Beezy Marsh
The Daily Mail
June,3rd 2003
Smoking by mothers-to-be can be as harmful to their unborn babies as crack or cocaine, it emerged yesterday.
Just six or seven cigarettes a day can damage a child in the womb, say researchers.
And new-born children of smokers suffer similar health problems to those of mothers on hard drugs.
They are more jittery, excitable and harder to console than those born to non- smokers, said the study in the U.S. medical journal Pediatrics.
Higher doses of nicotine increased the signs of stress in the babies with the findings suggesting they experience withdrawal symptoms.
Around a quarter of pregnant women in the United Kingdom smoke during pregnancy, and doctors have warned that harder hitting anti-smoking messages and campaigns are needed to help them quit.
Previous research has linked ten cigarettes a day during pregnancy to low birth-weight babies.
Lead researcher Karen Law said: "We have a legal drug in nicotine that may have the same toxic effect as illegal drugs."
The 'nicotine' infants were more excitable, abnormally tense and rigid, required more handling and showed greater stress, specifically in their central nervous, gastrointestinal and visual systems.
Amanda Sandford, of the antismoking charity ASH, said: "This is quite a small study and we would want to see these findings replicated on a larger scale.
"We already know that smoking causes a range of different problems such as low birth weight and an increased risk of miscarriage."
Text B
SMOKING FAR MORE DEADLY FOR WOMEN
by Sarah Getty
The Daily Mail
February, 1st 2005
Most people would agree smoking is bad for you.
But not many realise the habit has a far more damaging effect on women's health in comparison to men.
Scientist have found the harmful effects of smoking can kill women eight years earlier than men.
It can cut 11 years off a woman's average life expectancy but just three years off a man's.
Scientists said they had yet to find a reason for the difference. But they said a factor could be that women are more susceptible to the commonest form of lung cancer, adenocarcinoma.
The findings come from a study of lung cancer deaths in Holland in 2003.
Female sufferers lived until 70 on average, compared with a typical Dutch woman's life expectancy of 81 years. Male sufferers, however, died on average at 73 - three years below Dutch men's average life expectancy.
"Women who died from lung cancer were younger than men who died from the same cause," said a spokesman for Dutch government research agency CBS.
"This means the harmful effects of smoking are more serious for women."
Anti-smoking lobbyists Ash said: "There is little point in point-scoring between men and women: smoking is bad for everyone. What we do know is that smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer."
Smoking-related illnesses kill 114,000 Britons every year, with tobacco accounting for 84 per cent of lung cancer cases.
Some 12million Britons smoke - 28 per cent of men and 24 per cent of women.
9. Comment on the following facts and figures:
1. A quarter of women drink alcohol and a fifth smoke during pregnancy despite the health risks to their baby.
2. Smoking and drinking during pregnancy can cause mental retardation and birth defects in babies, but it appears women are ignoring the advice of health professionals.
3. The survey of 1,000 women also revealed that women are putting their child at risk due to ignorance about what they should and should not eat.
4. Men whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are significantly more likely to suffer from fertility problems.
5. Smoking during pregnancy has serious long-term implications for the reproductive health of children.
6. The habit is known to be linked to premature birth, lower birth weight and cot death.
7. Celebrity smokers such as model Liz Hurley, and former Radio DJ Zoe Ball, both of whom gave birth to sons, stopped smoking as soon as they became pregnant.
PASSIVE SMOKING
10. One of the main reasons for introducing a public smoking ban is to protect people from the risk of passive smoking. But scientists can't agree how damaging breathing in someone else's cigarette smoke can be. Read the lines from conflicting reports and make up your own mind. Comment on the ideas.
THE DANGERS OF INHALING AT WORK
By Jorn Madslien
BBC News
April, 15th 2004
~ The ban from smoking during working hours and not only at the workplace extended to workers' breaks, wherever they were - even while on business trips abroad or driving their own cars.
~ Attempts by governments to protect workers against lung cancer and other respiratory diseases are often met with stern resistance.
~ A workplace smoking ban could save 1,000 lives a year in Glasgow alone (Scotland, where a third of the adult population smokes).
~ Occupational lung diseases continue to present "the most important cause of permanent disability and premature death.
~ If you're in an office, smoking may be a big problem, but if you're in a foundry or a mine there are other, perhaps more serious problems.
~ Every day millions of workers are exposed to contaminated air in both industry and agriculture - whether by asbestos dust - which causes cancer, rock or coal dust - which clogs up the lungs, or cotton dust - which causes allergic and asthmatic reactions.
~ The leading newspapers receive letters which say, that there is not much sense in refraining from smoking, since the inhabitants of many cities and even villages breathe air contaminated with industrial automobile wastes.
~ There are the problems caused by inhaling chemical fumes from glues and substances found in modern office furniture and building materials. The cheaper the material, the more likely they will be to have this sort of stuff. The problem is that most people take the cheaper material.
11. Read the article. Write a gist. How can passive smoking impair children's ability?
PASSIVE SMOKING 'CAN AFFECT LEARNING'
Associated Press Association
January, 4th 2005
Passive smoking can impair children's ability at reading and mathematics, researchers claimed today.
A US study, part of the largest to look at the effects of environmental tobacco smoke on children's health, assessed the cognitive skills of youngsters who were exposed to smoking in the home.
The research team found even low levels of exposure to smoking at home and elsewhere caused children's test scores to drop.
Researchers, writing in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, measured exposure to environmental tobacco smoke by looking at levels of cotinine - a substance produced when nicotine is broken down by the body.
Cotinine can be measured in the blood, urine, saliva and hair, and is considered to be the best marker of exposure to second-hand smoke.
The researchers, from Children's Environmental Health Centre in Cincinnati, measured the cotinine in the blood of 4,399 children aged six to 16. Standard reading, maths, logic and reasoning tests were then used to assess their cognitive skills.
Researcher Dr Kimberly Yolton said that reading, maths and reasoning scores were related to environmental tobacco smoke exposure. She said that the greater the levels of exposure, the greater the decline in reading and reasoning ability.
"This study provides further incentive for states to set public health standards to protect children from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke," Dr Yolton said.
For youngsters with a modest increase in exposure to smoke, the study found a three-point drop in a standard reading test and a two-point drop in a maths test, where the average score was 100.
"These declines may not be clinically meaningful for an individual child, but they have huge implications for our society because millions of children are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke," Dr Yolton added.
A series of hard-hitting campaigns in the UK have sought to encourage parents to protect their children from passive smoking, which increases the risk of asthma and other respiratory disorders.
In November, the government announced in its public health white paper that smoking in the majority of enclosed public places, including pubs which serve food, would be banned within four years.
But campaigners warned that millions of youngsters are exposed to large amounts of smoke every day in their own homes.
12. Read headings A-H below carefully, so that you are sure what they are about. Then scan the text, summarizing each paragraph as you read. Match each heading with the correct paragraph. The first heading has been done for you as an example.
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Nowadays fewer people are smokers and attitudes to smoking are changing. Smokers are a minority in many workplaces. People have become more aware of the serious health risks faced by smokers themselves. There is increasing concern over the possible health effects of breathing other people’s tobacco smoke. Work is one of a few situations where non-smokers may have to spend long periods in close contact with smokers.
2. _______________________________________
When smokers and non-smokers share the same room, non-smokers cannot avert inhaling some environmental tobacco smoke as they breathe. This is called “passive smoking”. The smoke concerned is mainly “sidestream” smoke from burning cigarettes, cigars or pipe tobacco, but there is also some smoke exhaled by smokers.
3. ________________________________________
In some situations, a complete ban is justified for safety reasons. But elsewhere the imposition by management without proper consultation of any measures to control passive smok9ing could lead to resentment among smokers and problems in enforcing the no-smoking rule.
4. ________________________________________
This leaflet does not deal with the well-recognized safety hazards from smoking where there is a risk of fire or explosion. Nor does it discuss the health hazards to individuals who smoke, particularly while working with substances such as lead or asbestos. Such hazards are covered by guidance on each subject.
5. ________________________________________
It is now beyond doubt that smoking is a major cause of disease and premature death for smokers themselves. Tobacco smoke contains various substances that can cause cancer or other health problems. Raised levels of airborne harmful substances are found when smokers’ homes are compared with those of non-smokers. Still higher levels may occur in poorly ventilated indoor places of work where several people are smokers.
6. ___________________________________________
There have been many scientific studies on passive smoking. The results of this research were reviewed by the Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health in their Fourth Report. The Committee concluded that “while none of the studies can on its own be accepted as unequivocal, the findings overall are consistent with there being a small increase in the risk of lung cancer from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, in the range of 10%-30%.
7. ____________________________________________
It has been recognized for some time that exposure to tobacco smoke can cause discomfort and irritation to some people, particularly those who already have a respiratory disorder such as asthma. Passive smoking may cause more distress to this group than it does to most non-smokers.
8. _____________________________________________
Limiting or preventing smoking by an agreed and carefully implemented policy may improve employee morale, reduce arguments between smokers and non-smokers, reduce time lost through sickness, and diminish cleaning bills. It will reduce fire risk.
A Debate
FOR
- There is no real proof that smoke is harmful to nonsmokers.
- People who are allergic to smoke can avoid places where people smoke just like people who are allergic to cats avoid places where the are cats.
- Smokers have rights to enjoy what they like to do. Lots of annoying activities aren’t banned in public.
- To ban smoking in restaurants would prevent smokers from enjoying the meal.
AGAINST
- Smoking is bad for the health of smokers and nonsmokers.
- Nonsmokers find smoke irritating to their eyes, nose, and throat, and they don’t like the smell.
- Smokers litter.
- In restaurants, smoke spoils the taste of food and spoils the meal.
Think of some other dangers of passive smoking.
14. Write an essay n the following:
In the past few years there has been a growing awareness of the dangers of smoking throughout the world. The anti-smoking campaigns launched in a number of countries have brought about extensive public censure of this harmful habit and a decrease in the number of smokers among some groups of the population.
What is being done in your country to reduce smoking?
Should smoking be banned completely?
15. Comment on the following statements:
1. Smoking has become something of a social disease.
2. Smoking is widely recognised to be one of the most addictive of all drugs and is notoriously difficult to quit.
3. Most people who smoke tobacco products say that they would like to quit. About half of all smokers have tried to stop at least once.
4. Most people find it not too difficult to stop for a while, but quitting completely can be a different matter. Most quit smoking groups have very low rates of success. Typically 95% of smokers relapse within the first year.
5. About 50% of young adult smokers will still be smoking when they are 60.
6. Staying off cigarettes is a daily battle for some people.
7. Even people who manage to kick the habit for over a year still run a high risk of taking up smoking again.
8. Finding more effective ways to help people to give up smoking remains an ongoing challenge.
9. Nicotine is an incredibly addictive substance and this trial demonstrates just how difficult it is to give up.
10. Smokers should certainly not get discouraged from trying to quit.
11. Giving up has enormous benefits for health and if you can keep off tobacco for a year your chances of quitting are better than even.
12. You’d have to be living on Mars not to know that smoking is dangerous. Yet statistics show that young people today smoke more, not less. Why?
13. One answer is that many teen think it cool. Another is the enormous sums of money invested in advertising cigarettes.
14. Tobacco companies spend millions to encourage the young to start, or to continue, smoking. “The Marlboro Man”, “Joe the Camel” and others do cool things and act important while smoking – just do get you to think that if you smoke this brand, you can do these things too. This isn’t true. These people are not real and the things they do are made-up.
15. For tobacco companies cigarettes mean money. For us they mean disease and even death.
16. Shocking facts:
If you think it cool, think again. Here are some sad, sad, sad facts about smoking.
17. “I don’t like smoking, but it is part of a free society that people should be free to go to hell in their own way.” Teresa Gorman, Tory MP.
Role Play
TOBACCO ADVERTISING[EB6]
A recent World Health Organisation negotiation has important consequences.
Anti-tobacco treaty agreed
In Geneva, the wording of the world’s first-ever antismoking treaty has been agreed by delegates to the World Health Organisation.
After long and bitter negotiations, representatives of more than 170 countries agreed on a framework which will impose restrictions on the advertising and marketing of tobacco. There has been a compromise on a complete advertising ban, so the treaty is not quite as strong as some health organizations would have liked.
It has taken weeks of difficult, often tense negotiations to reach this agreement with the deadline for ending the negotiations being extended again and again.
The delays arouse because some countries with big tobacco industries – most notably the United States and Germany – opposed a global ban on tobacco advertising, because it violates rights to free speech enshrined in their constitutions. The final wording says countries should impose an advertising ban, but in accordance with their constitutional principles.
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