Pain Relievers

The OTC products that relieve your headache, fever, or muscle aches are not all the same. That’s because the pain relievers you see in the aisles of your local store or pharmacy are either nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (called NSAIDs), which include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen and ketoprofen, or acetaminophen. Each of these drugs has a different way of working:

Aspirin and NSAIDs relieve pain by stopping the production of prostaglandins, which are natural chemicals in the body. Prostaglandins irritate nerve, triggering the sensation of pain.

Commonly used NSAIDs include:

- Aspirin, the medicine in products such as Bayer and St. Joseph

- Ibuprofen, the medicine in products such as Advil and Motrin IB

- Naproxen, the medicine in products such as Aleve

- Ketoprofen, the medicine in products such as Orudis KT

Acetaminophen relieves pain and reduces fever. We don’t completely understand way acetaminophen relieves pain. We do know that unlike aspirin and NSAIDs, which work in the skin, muscles, and joints, acetaminophen blocks painful sensation in the brain and the spinal corld.

Antihistamines

Antihistamines word by blocking the receptors that trigger itching, nasal irritation, sneezing, and mucus production. The three types of antihistamines are:

- Diphenhydramine, the medicine in products such as Banophen, Benadryl Allergy, and Diphenhist

- Brompheniramine, the medicine in products such as Dimetapp Allergy

- Chlorpheniramine, the medicine in products such as Aller-Chlor, Chlo-Amine and Chlor-Trimeton Allergy

Decongestants

Decongestants work by narrowing blood vessels in the lining of the nose. As a result, less blood is able to flow through the nasal area, and swollen tissue inside the nose shrinks. Pseudoephedrine in the only decongestant used in OTC products. Pseudoephedrine is in products such as Allermed, Genaphed and Sudafed.

Cough Medicines

Cough medicines are grouped into two types: antitussives and expectorants. Antitussives, or cough suppressants, block the cough reflex. Dextromethorphan is a common antitussive and is in products such as Delsym, Drixoral, Pertussin CS, and Robitussin Pediatric.

Expectorants, on the other hand, are thought to thin mucus and make coughing more productive in clearing the mucus from the airway. Guaifenesin is the only expectorant used in OTC products and is in products such as Guiatuss, Robitussin, and Tusibron.

Timeline of symptoms Associated with the Common Cold

There is no cure for the common cold. Medicine can only make your symptoms less bothersome until your body can fight off the virus. Medicine won’t make your cold go away completely. The following are tips to help you feel better when you have a cold:

- Stay home and rest, especially while you have a fever.

- Don’t smoke and avoid secondhand smoke.

- Drink plenty of fluids like water, fruit juices and clear soups.

- Don’t drink alcohol.

- Gargle with warm salt water a few times a day to relieve a sore throat. Throat sprays or lozenges may also help relieve the pain.

- Use salt water (saline) nose drops to help loosen mucus and moisten the tender skin in your nose.

Many cold medicines are available over-the-counter (without a prescription from your doctor). If you decide to use an over-the-counter (OTC) medicine to treat your cold symptoms, consult the chart below.

Day Symptoms OTC Medicine

1. Fatigue, mold sore throat	Acetaminophen (some brand names: Panadol, Tempra, Tylenol) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (ibuprofen [ some brand names: Advil, Manadol, Motrin])
2. Runny nose	Antihistamine (diphenhydramine [some brand names: Benadryl Allergy, Banophen, Diphenhist], chlorpheniramine [some brand names: Aller-Chlor, Chlo-Amine, Chlor-Trimeton Allergy])
3. в Ђњ Stopped up в Ђќ	Decongestant (preseudoephedrine [some brand names: Allermed, Genaphed, Sudafed])
4. Dry cough	Antitussive (dextromethorphan [some brand names: Drixoral, Pertussin CS, Robitussin Pediatric])
5& 6 Moist, productive cough	Expectorant (guiafenesin [some brand names: Guiatuss, Robitussin, Tusibron])
7 Voice. в Ђњ breaks в Ђќ or disappears altogether	No medicine will help your voice come back sooner. Resting it is the only thing that will help.

How to Read an OTC Drug Label

You don’t need a prescription to buy OTC medicine. But like prescription drugs, OTC medicines can also cause unwanted and sometimes dangerous side effects. Before you buy an OTC medicine, it’s important to read and thoroughly understand the information on the drug label. Use the following as a guide. If you have questions about a medicine, ask your pharmacist or family doctor.

1. Active Ingredient – The active ingredient is the chemical compound in the medicine that works to relieve your symptoms. It is always the first item on the label. There may be more than one active ingredient in a product. The label will clearly show this.

2. Uses – This section lists the symptoms the medicine is meant to treat. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must approve these uses. Uses are sometimes referred to as indications.

3. Warnings – This safety information will tell you what other medicines, foods, or situations (such as driving) to avoid while taking this medicine.

4. Directions – Information about how much medicine you should take and how often you should take it will be listed here.

5. Other Information – Any other important information, such as how to store the product, will be listed here.

6. Inactive Ingredients – An inactive ingredient is a chemical compound in the medicine that isn’t meant to treat a symptom. Inactive ingredients can include preservatives, binding agent, and food coloring. This section is especially important for people who know they have allergies to food coloring or other chemicals.

7. Questions or Comments – A toll-free number is provided to address any questions or comments you may have about the medicine.

Potential Side Effects of OTC Medicines in Adults

While OTC medicines have a low risk of side effects when used occasionally by healthy adults, they can pose risks for very young children, the elderly, people with kidney problems, and people taking more than one medicine. These people have an increased risk of side effects when they OTC medicines. Potential side effects are described below.

Aspirin and NSAIDs

The main side effect associated with aspirin and other NSAIDs is gastrointestinal (GI) problems. These problems can range from upset stomach to GI bleeding, a serious event that is more likely to occur in older people. The chances of experiencing GI problems from NSAIDs or aspirin increase the larger the dose you take and the longer you take them. NSAIDs can cause a variety of side effects related to kidney function. These side effects range from reversible inflammation to permanent kidney damage. Aspirin and NSAIDs may make high blood pressure worse or interfere with blood pressure medicines. High doses of aspirin pose a risk of liver damage for people who have liver disease, juvenile arthritis, or rheumatic fever.

Acetaminophen

Although safe in the Majority of users, long-term use of high doses of acetaminophen, especially in products that also contain caffeine (such as Excedrin) or codeine (such as Tylenol with Codeine), has been shown to cause a form of kidney disease called analgesic nephropathy. This serious condition may develop after years or decades of daily use.

Antihistamines

Antihistamines can cause sedation or drowsiness and, therefore, can significantly impair a person’s ability to drive or operate machinery. The sedative effects of antihistamines may increase the risk of falling. Antihistamines can also cause dry mouth or eyes.

Decongestants

Pseudoephedrine can temporarily cause nervousness, dizziness and sleeplessness. It can make you lose your appetite or retain urine. It can also cause heart palpitations, high blood pressure, or high blood sugar levels.

Cough Medicine

Codeine, when used as a cough suppressant, can temporarily cause nausea, sedation and constipation. Dextromethorphan, the medicine in Drixoral, Pertussin CS and Robitussin, has a lower risk of sedation and GI side effects. It can, however, cause feelings of confusion, agitation, nervousness, or irritability.

Drug-Drug Interactions

There body processes or metabolizes every drug differently. If drugs are used together, their metabolism and effect on there body can change. When this happens, the chance that you will have side effects for each drug may become greater.

Alcohol and OTC Medicines

Pain Relievers

If you drink more than 1 alcoholic beverage per week and use NSAIDs, including aspirin, you may be at increased risk of GI bleeding. People who consume 3 or more alcoholic beverages each day should consult their physician before using any pain reliever. Acetaminophen is much less likely than NSAIDs to be associated with GI problems, including bleeding. But to minimize the risk of serious liver injury, you should never take more than the recommended daily dose (4 g per day).

Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Cough Medicine

The combination of OTC antihistamines and alcohol can increase drowsiness, especially in elderly people. In addition, alcohol makes the drowsiness, sedation and impaired motor skills associated with the cough suppressants dextromethorphan (in products such as Drixoral, Robitussin) and codeine worse.

Special Groups

Some groups of people may be particularly liable to have the side effects associated with OTC products. The sections below include tips for using OTC medicines in the following special populations: children, older adults, pregnant or breastfeeding women, other groups.

Children

When used properly, OTC medications pose little risk to children. However, children metabolize drugs differently than adults. You should how OTC drugs will affect your children before you use them. Talk with your family doctor if you have questions about giving child OTC medicines.

- Acetaminophen is generally considered the treatment of choice for children’s pain relief.

- Children who are allergic to aspirin are likely to have problems using ibuprofen. Ibuprofen can make your child’s asthma worse, for example.

- Avoid using aspirin in children under the age of 18 because of the risk of Reye’s syndrome (a drug reaction that can lead to permanent brain injury).

- It’s very easy to accidentally give too much of a decongestant to a young child. Use these medicines with extreme care, if at all, and talk with your doctor first.

- Don’t use cough suppressants that contain codeine in young children. Talk to your doctor before using other cough medicines.

It can helpful for parents and other caregivers to keep track of the medicine a child is taking. One way to do that is with a medication log. Using a log can help avoid “double dosing” – giving too much medicine or giving it too often. It can also provide important information to your family doctor if there is a problem.

Older Adults

The elderly use a number of medications at the same time and therefore need to pay careful attention to drug-drug interactions between OTC medications and prescription medications. Older adults talk with their doctor their doctor about the medications they take and potential interactions with OTC medicines.

- there is a relatively high risk of kidney disease and GI bleeding in elderly patients who use NSAIDs. Discuss this risk with your family doctor.

- Pseudoephedrine can increase blood pressure and the pressure in your eye that can lead to glaucoma. It can also make existing blockages in the urinary tract worse. Pseudoephedrine interacts negatively with many other drugs such as beta-blockers, antidepressants, insulin, and some medications that treat low blood sugar.

- If you use a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), a type of prescription antidepressant, or take any medication for a seizure disorder, you should avoid using pseudoephedrine.

- Pseudoephedrine can change the way these drugs work in your system. Some common MAOIs include Marplan (generic: isocarboxazid), Nardil (generic: phenelzine sulfate) and Parnate (generic: tranylcypromine sulfate).

- If you use a MAOI, you should not use dextromethorphan. Dextromethorphan interferes with the way MAOIs work.

Pregnant or Breastfeeding Women

Pregnant or breastfeeding women should talk with their doctor before using any medicine. Some can affect your baby. The following are some general guidelines.

Pregnancy

- Acetaminophen is generally considered safe for short-term pain relief during pregnancy.

- Avoid using during pregnancy. It can cause abnormalities in the baby or problems during delivery.

- Avoid using other NSAIDs, especially during the third trimester of pregnancy. They can cause heart abnormalities in the baby.

Breastfeeding

- Acetaminophen and NSAIDs such as ibuprofen provide safe relief for women who are breastfeeding.

- Avoid using aspirin because it is excreted in breast milk and can cause rashes and bleeding problems in nursing infants.

- Limit long-term use of antihistamines. Antihistamines are excreted in breast milk, and may cause side effects such as sedation, irritability, crying, and sleep disturbances in nursing infants.

Antihistamines may also interfere with the production of milk.

General Tips

These steps can help minimize the risk of side effects during pregnancy and breastfeeding:

- talk to your doctor about possible alternatives to medicine.

- Avoid the use of medications during the first trimester.

- take oral medications after nursing or before the infant’s longest sleep period.

- Avoid the use of extra-strength, maximum-strength, or long-acting medications.

- Avoid “combination” products.

- Watch your infant for possible side effects, such as a rash, difficulty breathing, headache or other symptoms that your child didn’t have before taking the medicine.

Other Groups

People with health problems such as kidney disease, heart disease, diabetes, asthma, blood clotting disorders, or gout may be at increased risk of side effects associated with OTC medicines.

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the verbs used with Complex Subject.

1. Expectorants, on the other hand, are thought to thin mucus and make coughing more productive in clearing the mucus from the airway.

2. These problems can range from upset stomach to GI bleeding, a serious event that is more likely to occur in older people.

3. Although safe in the majority of users, long-term use of high doses of acetaminophen, especially in products that also contain caffeine (such as Excedrin) or codeine (such as Tylenol with Codeine), has been shown to cause a form of kidney disease called analgesic nephropathy.

4. Acetaminophen is much less likely than NSAIDs to be associated with GI problems, including bleeding.

5. Some groups of people may be particularly liable to have the side effects associated with OTC products.

6. Children who are allergic to aspirin are likely to have problems using ibuprofen.

7. Antihistamines proved to be excreted in breast milk and may cause side-effects such as sedation, irritability, crying, and sleep disturbances in nursing infants.

8. Aspirin during pregnancy happen to cause abnormalities in the baby or problems during delivery.

9. Acetaminophen is generally considered to be safe for short-term pain relief during pregnancy.

10. Aspirin and NSAIDs turn out to make high blood pressure worse or interfere with blood pressure medicines.

11. Codeine, when used as a cough suppressant is expected to cause nausea, sedation and constipation.

12. Pseudoephedrine has been described to cause nervousness, dizziness and sleeplessness.

Exercise 2. Explain the following.

a medication log; double dosing, OTC drugs, NSAIDs, Reye’s syndrome (гепатоцеребральный синдром: внезапный отек головного мозга в сочетании с жировым перерождением печени и почечных канальцев у детей после инфекции верхних дыхательных путей), brand name, combination products.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

Pain relievers

1. What medicines are called OTC?

2. What are some nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs?

3. How do Aspirin and NSAIDs and acetaminophen relieve pain?

4. In what way do antihistamines work? What are their types?

5. What are decongestants used for? Name decongestant which is used as OTC product.

6. What are the main types of cough medicines?

7. Name a common antitusive.

8. What are expectorants used for? Give the example of an OTC expectorant.

Common cold

9. How common cold is treated?

10. Which OTC medicines are recommended in case of:

a) runny nose;

b) stopped nose;

c) dry cough;

d) moist, productive cough;

e) fatigue, mild sore throat.

OTC Drug label

11. Why is it necessary to read and understand the information on the drug label?

12. What information does an OTC drug label contain?

Potential side effects

13. What category of population can OTC medicines pose risk of side effects to?

14. What are GI problems associated with aspirin and NSAIDs?

15. What side effects can NSAIDs and aspirin cause?

16. What is analgesic nephropathy and in what case may this condition develop?

17. Name the main side-effects of antihistamines, decongestants and cough medicines.

18. When may side-effects for each drug become greater?

Alcohol and OTC medicine

19. What are the main recommendation for those who consume alcoholic leverages and use NSAIDs, antihistamine decongestants and cough medicines?

Special groups log

20. What groups of people are particularly liable to have the side-effects associated with OTC medicines?

21. How OTC drugs may affect children?

22. What is the usefulness of a medication log?

23. What should the elderly pay careful attention to?

24. What side-effects may occur in the elderly while taking NSAIDs, Pseudoephedrine, MAOI?

25. Why should pregnant or breastfeeding women talk with their doctor before using any medicine?

26. What medicines should be avoided by pregnant and breastfeeding women?

27. What should be done to minimize the risk of side effects during pregnancy and breastfeeding?

Translate the texts using a dictionary.

A grab bag of risks

Although over-the-counter drugs taken at the recommended doses rarely cause dangerous side effects in healthy people, they can cause a number of unpleasant symptoms. Those include insomnia and irritability from oral decongestants, constipation from aluminum-containing antacids, diarrhea from magnesium-containing antacids, and indigestion from all pain relievers except acetaminophen (Tylenol). One common side effect – drowsiness from antihistamines, which are contained in all allergy drugs and some cold medications – could be more hazardous. In fact, the maximum recommended dose of some antihistamines can slow reaction time more than the amount of alcohol that would make driving illegal in most states.

The risk of side effects from over-the-counter drugs increases sharply when people take more than they should. For example, swallowing just three times more than the maximum recommended dose of phenylpropanolamine – contained in the oral decongestant Propagest, many cold remedies, and all diet pills – can cause severe and even life-threatening rises in blood pressure. Taking a drug continually without consulting a doctor also multiplies the risk of side effects, such as anemia from chronic use of aspirin or potassium depletion and bowel damage from excessive use of the laxative bisacodyl (Carter’s Little Pills, Dulcolax, Fleet Bisacodyl).

Further, overuse of certain nonprescription drugs can lead to an insidious form of dependency. People who keep taking drugs to relieve headaches or nasal congestion will often get “rebound” symptoms – headaches or congestion worse than the original symptoms – as soon as the drug starts wearing off. That may lead to a vicious cycle of increasingly frequent use of the drug and worsening rebound. Similarly, prolonged use of laxatives can weaken the bowel muscles, causing renewed constipation as soon as the drug is discontinued.

The gravest danger from sustained use of over-the-counter medications is that you might be controlling symptoms while allowing an underlying disease to go untreated. For example, people with stomach pain sometimes take over-the-counter antacids or pain relievers for months without seeing a doctor. Those people may have ulcers or inflammation of the stomach, which can cause serious bleeding; or they may even have stomach cancer.

Drug interactions

Over-the-counter drugs can become more dangerous when they’re taken with other medications – an all-too-common practice. According to a recent survey, one out of three people who take antihistamines for allergies take other drugs at the same time. But many common medications can make antihistamines even more sedating than they are when taken alone. The alcohol in a cough syrup such as Comtrex Liquid,Tylenol Cough with Decongestant Liquid, or Vicks Formula 44 Multi-Symptom Cough Medicine can combine with antihistamines to cause excessive drowsiness. In addition, you can get an unexpected double dose of antihistamines by taking an allergy drug along with a cold remedy such as Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold or Contac Severe Cold Formula or with a sleep aid such as Nytol or Sominex, all of which contain antihistamines.

Nonprescription drugs can also change the way other, more vital medications are supposed to work. Taking an antacid to prevent an antibiotic from upset-ting your stomach may also prevent your body from absorbing the medicine, so it never reaches the infection. Conversely, taking a stool-softening laxative may ease constipation caused by the antihypertensive drug verapamil (Isoptin, Calan) – but it may also increase absorption of the drug, leading to an excessive reduction in blood pressure and, in turn, possibly to fainting.

Even ordinary foods can turn a seemingly innocuous drug into a hazardous one. For example, trying to calm your stomach by drinking large quantities of milk and taking antacids containing either calcium, magnesium, or sodium bicarbonate can eventually cause kidney failure.

People with certain chronic diseases are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of over-the-counter medications. But by far the most common condition that increases such vulnerability is simply old age.

Older people have more diseases and take more drugs than younger people, which increases all drug-related risks. In addition, the body becomes less efficient at breaking down and eliminating drugs as it ages. As a result, drugs may reach higher levels in the bloodstream and remain there longer. Even at normal levels, many medications have more pronounced effects on the brain and other parts of the aging body. Unfortunately, researchers rarely test new drugs on older people, so the recommended doses are often set too high for them.

Study the table and list the specific risks of the most common drugs given here.

RISK OF SOME COMMON OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS

Drug	Side effects	High-risk groupsj	Interactions
PAIN RELIEVERS
Aspirin Bayer Empirin Norwich	Common: Stomach upset k, heartburn, gastrointestinal bleeding, nausea, vomiting, decreased clotting.   Less common or rare: Bloody or tarry stools, bloody urine, ringing in the ears, loss of hearing, allergic reaction (skin rash, hives, itching, tightness in chest).   Signs of overdose: Confusion, severe diarrhea, fast or deep breathing, severe drowsiness, convulsions.	People with allergies to aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ulcers, anemia, bleeding disorders, overactive thyroid, asthma, high blood pressure, kidney or liver disease; children or teenagers with flu or chicken pox.	Can increase effect of anticoagulants.   Can alter urine-sugar tests for diabetics.
Acetaminophen Actamin Tylenol Valadol	Common: None.   Rare: Bloody or decreased urination, allergic reaction (skin rash, hives, itching, tightness in chest).   Signs of overdose: Diarrhea, increases sweating, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, or stomach pain.	People with kidney or liver disease; active alcoholics.	Can alter urine-sugar tests for diabetics.
Ibuprofen Advil Motrin-IB Nuprin	Common: Stomach upsetk, gastrointestinal bleeding, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, lightheadedness, headache.   Less common or rare: Bitter taste, gas, constipation, loss of appetite, allergic reaction (skin rash, hives, itching, tightness in chest).   Signs of overdose: Lethargy, low blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, difficulty breathing.	People with diabetes, asthma, kidney or liver disease, colitis, ulcers, congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, epilepsy.	Can increase effect of anticoagulants.   Side effects increase when taken with aspirin.   Can decrease effect of antihypertensive drugs.
Naproxen Aleve	Generally same as ibuprofen.k	Generally same as ibuprofen.l	Same as ibuprofen.
ANTIHISTAMINESm
Brompheniramine Dimetane Chlorpheniramine Aller-Chlor Clor- Trimeton Pfeiffer’s Allergy Clemastine Tavist-1 Diphenhydramine Benadryl 25 Benylin cough Sominex	Common: Drowsiness, thickening of mucus.   Less common or rare: Blurred vision, confusion, difficulty urinating, dizziness, dryness of mouth, nose, or throat, loss of appetite, nervousness, restlessness, irritability.   Sings of overdose: Clumsiness or unsteadiness, facial, flushing, difficulty breathing, severe drowsiness, seizures.	People with glaucoma, liver disease, enlarged prostate, difficulty urinating.	Increase sedative effect if taken with alcohol, narcotics, sleeping medications, or tranquilizers.   Can cause increased drowsiness or dry mouth if taken with or up to two weeks after a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (antidepressant drugs).   Can cause dry mouth if taken with anticholinergics (drugs for stomach cramps).
ORAL DECONGESTANTS
Pseudoephedrine Efidac/24 Halofed Sudafed Phenylpropanolamine n Propagest	Common: Insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, irritability. Less common or rare: Difficulty urinating, dizziness, fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat, headache, sweating, nausea, vomiting. Sings of overdose: Convulsions, fast breathing, hallucinations, increase in blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, difficulty breathing.	People with diabetes, enlarged prostate, heart disease, high blood pressure, or overactive thyroid	Can reduce effect of beta blockers. Can cause high blood pressure, fever, or seizures if taken with or up to two weeks after a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (antidepressant drugs). Can cause insomnia, irritability, irregular heartbeats, or seizures if taken with asthma medications, caffeine, or amphetamines.
TOPICAL DECONGESTANTSo
Oxymetazoline Afrin 12-Hour Dristan 12-Hour Duration 12-Hour Phenylephrine Alconefrin Neo-Synephrine Vicks Sinex	Common: Prolonged use may cause rebound congestion. Less common or rare: Rapid heartbeat, lightheadedness, trembling, insomnia, nervousness.	People with diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, or overactive thyroid.	May increase risk of serious side effects if taken with or up to two weeks after a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (antidepressant drugs).
j People with these conditions should avoid drug or check with doctor.
k Aspirin causes the most stomach upset; naproxen causes somewhat less, but more than ibuprofen.
l People over age 65 must follow lower dosage instructions.
m Antihistamines vary in their sedative effects: Diphenhydramine is highly sedating, clemastine moderately sedating, and the others mildly sedating.
n More likely than pseudoephedrine to increase blood pressure sharply. Phenylpropanolamine is also found in all over-the-counter diet pills and in many cold medicines.
o Available in drops or sprays.

Translate from Russian into English.

1. Аспирин не рекомендуется давать детям до 11 лет или подросткам, болеющим гриппом или ветрянкой.

2. Признаками передозировки аспирина является спутанность сознания, сильная диарея, быстрое и глубокое дыхание, сильная сонливость.

3. Основным побочным действием аспирина является расстройство желудка, изжога, тошнота, рвота, желудочное кровотечение.

4. При приеме аспирина диабетиками могут наблюдаться изменение в тестах на наличие сахара в моче.

5. Аспирин может усилить эффект антикоагулянтов.

6. Ибупрофен снижает действие гипотензивных средств.

7. Головокружение, головная боль, умственное расстройство и некоторые другие побочные действия часто встречаются при приеме ибупрофена.

8. Побочные действия ибупрофена усиливаются при совместном применении аспирина.

9. Признаками передозировки ибупрофена являются: летаргия, низкое кровяное давление, затрудненность дыхания.

10. Ацетаминофен не имеет побочных действий.

11. Иногда при приеме ацетаминофена наблюдаются аллергические реакции (кожная сыпь, крапивница, зуд) и сдавление в груди.

12. Напроксен, как и ибупрофен практически не имеют побочных действий.

13. Людам с глаукомой, болезнью печени необходимо принимать антигистамины с осторожностью.

14. Обычным побочным действием при приеме антигистаминов является сонливость.

15. Антигистамины вызывают сухость во рту или сонливость при приеме их через 2 недели после приема антидепресантов.

16. Комбинированные препараты, в состав которых входят несколько активных веществ, без назначения врача принимать не следует.

17. Комбинированные препараты могут вызвать поражение почек, аллергические реакции, вплоть до анафилактического шока.

18. К этому лекарству возникает привыкание.

19. Парацетамол, ибупрофен и салициловая кислота являются обезболивающими средствами, которые отпускаются без рецепта врача.

20. При заболеваниях желудка используются дротаверин и аллохол.

Side-effects

1.	bloody (tarry) stool – испражнение с кровью (дегтеобразные);
2.	blurred vision – затуманенное зрение;
3.	clotting – свертывание, образование сгустков;
4.	confusion – спутанность сознания;
5.	congestion – застой;
6.	constipation – запор;
7.	dizziness – головокружение;
8.	drowsiness – сонливость;
9.	heartburn – изжога;
10.	hives – крапивница;
11.	insomnia – бессонница;
12.	irritability – раздражительность;
13.	itching – зуд;
14.	lethargy – летаргия;
15.	light headedness – умственное расстройство, головокружение;
16.	rash – сыпь;
17.	restlessness – беспокойство, возбужденное состояние;
18.	seizure – припадок, апоплексический удар;
19.	stomach upset – расстройство желудка;
20.	sweating – потение;
21.	tightness in chest – чувство сдавления в груди;
22.	trembling – дрожь, тремор;

Дата добавления: 2015-10-26