Natural disasters

13. Describe what you can see in the picture. Use the words in the box.

active ● erupting ● lava ● flow ● ash ● steam ● cloud

14.Read the text anddiscuss the questions with the group. · What is volcano? · Are all volcanoes dangerous? Why? · What is volcanic eruption? · What effect can a volcanic eruption have on the local environment? · What effect can a volcanic eruption have on flight operations?

LIVING ON THE EDGE …

Volcano is a mountain that forces hot gas, rocks, ash, and lava (melted rock) into the air through a hole at the top. Some volcanoes are not immediately dangerous because they are not active and have become dormant. Others will never be dangerous again because they are completely extinct.

During a volcanic eruption, lava, ash, and various gases are expelled from a volcanic vent. One of the earliest recorded disasters was the Vesuvius eruption in 79 AD which buried the Italian city of Pompeii under ash killing an estimated 16000 people. The most violent eruption of modern times was in Krakatoa, Indonesia, in 1833 when more than 36000 people were killed and debris was scattered across the Indian Ocean as far away as Madagascar, off the east coast of Africa.

On the ground earthquakes, heavy ash fallout, and lava flows may be the most important aspects of volcanic activity; but in the air, primary feature is the ash cloud. One of the major influences of volcanic ash cloud is the interruption of flight activity.

15. Study the information and render it into English.

16.Describe what you can see in the picture. What did the aircraft encounter? When is volcanic ash more dangerous for aircraft: during take-off, flight or landing? Why? What parts of an aircraft are subject to the most serious damage? What should pilots do if they encounter volcanic eruption?

17. Here are some tips for pilots. Prepare to give a pre-flight briefing about measures a pilot should take in case he encounters volcanic eruption. (Organise your ideas and plan what you want to say. Plan the linking words and phrases you will use to structure your briefing. Give your briefing.)

· It is most important to avoid any encounter with a volcanic ash cloud. Make every effort to remain on the upwind side of the volcano.

· Pilots should not attempt to fly through or climb out of the ash cloud.

· If you see a volcanic eruption and have not been previously notified about it, immediately report it to ATC.

· When landing at an airport where volcanic ash has been deposited, be aware that even a thin laye r of dry ash can be detrimental to braking action. Wet ash may also be a problem.

· Precautions should be taken to minimize reduction in visibility and ingestion of ash into the engine(s) when landing or taking off from an airport where volcanic ash is present.

A disaster is when something terrible happens, which often results in death, destruction and suffering. Natural disasters are: cyclones,drought, earthquake, hailstorms, hurricane, flood, forest fire, sand storm, severe thunderstorms, tidal wave, tornado, tsunami, and volcano.

18. a) Use the following terms in the definitions of natural disasters below and be ready to produce the definitions to your group mate. Consult the pronunciation of the natural disaster terms in the dictionary.

Forest Fire Hurricane

· Drought -a long period with little or no rain. · ________ -a sudden violent movement of the surface of the earth, caused by the shifting of the earth’s tectonic plates. · ________ - when huge areas of woodland are alight, often caused by someone carelessly throwing a cigarette from a car. · _________ - when an area of land which is usually dry becomes covered in water, often forcing people to leave their homes. · _________ -very strong circular winds which suck things up into them. · _________ -a huge wave which builds up in the sea over thousands of miles. · _________ -a very powerful storm, often at sea. · _________ -a large mountain which erupts from time to time and sends rocks up into the air and molten rock pours down the side.   b)Now use the terms in these sentences: · Mount Vesuvius near Naples is one of the most famous ________ in the world. · Many parts of sub-Saharan Africa suffer from ________. · Many low-lying parts of England suffer from _______ after prolonged periods of rain in the winter. · San Francisco and Tokyo are both situated right in the middle of dangerous _______ zones. Sand Storm

Tornado Earthquake Drought Tidal wave Flood Volcano

19. Prepare the news report about one of the natural disasters. Tell the group about its causes, effects, and other details.

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