Forms of the Infinitive

From the graph/ table it is clear

Notice that it is best to avoid using personal pronouns. Instead of saying We can see from the graph… it is better to use the passive or impersonal constructions, as above.

I. Look at the diagram and describe it.

The purpose of a diagram is normally to show a process, how apiece of equipment works, or the operational structure of a system. The vocabulary will mostly be closely related to the special subject matter being shown. There are two aspects of the language that you will require for describing most diagrams and you should make sure that you know how to use them well:

a) The verbs will normally be in the present tense and the passive voice.

b) Where a process or structure is being presented, you will need a variety of connectors showing stages or time.

c) Do not attempt to describe the diagram in colorful or interesting language. There is no need for adjectives or adverbs.

d) Avoid repetition and try to vary your language.

e) Do not simply use firstly, secondly, etc. or then to link different stages.

Here are some other possibilities:

In the first/second/etc. stage…

Next…

The process continues with…

After this…

You can also use then after the subject of your sentence, instead of the beginning: The water is then transported.

GRAMMAR

(или см. Косарева, Сконечных стр. 23-25)

Forms of the Infinitive

	Active	Passive
Present Continuous Perfect (for Past)	(to) give (to) be giving (to) have given	(to) be given (to) be being given (to) have been given

Complex Subject (для самост.подготовки)

TASK: Translate into English using the infinitive. Begin your sentence with the subject in bold. (для самост.подготовки)

I. 1) Они, как известно, всегда получают данные из журнала.

2) Они, как известно, получают данные из журнала прямо сейчас.

3) Они, как известно, уже получили данные из журнала.

4) Данные, как известно, получаются из журнала.

5) Данные, как известно, были получены из журнала.

6) Данные, как было известно, получались всегда из журнала.

Plural of the nouns of Greek and Latin origin

Greek	Latin
SINGULAR	PLURAL	SINGULAR	PLURAL
phenomenon	phenomena	nucleus	nuclei
criterion	criteria	focus	foci, focuses
analysis	analyses	radius	radii, radiuses
hypothesis	hypotheses
formula	formulas, formulae
thesis	theses	spectrum	Spectra
		datum	data
		medium	media

Speaking (Module 2)

Topic 1 (Part I) Electric Fields

The electric field

Each electric particle projects into space a field of elec­tric force, and as the particles move along a wire, the lines of force move with them. It is the motion of these lines of electric force that sets up a magnetic field transverse to them. A va­riable electric field is always accompanied by a magnetic field; and conversely, a variable magnetic field is accompanied by an electric field. The joint interplay of electric and magnetic forces is what is called an electromagnetic field and is consi­dered as having its own objective existence apart from any electric charges or magnets with which it may be associated. Examples are the photon, or quantum of light, and the elec­tromagnetic field radiated by an aerial.

Modern physics defines the electromagnetic field as a dis­tinct form of matter possessing definite properties: it is dis­tributed continuously in space; in a vacuum it proragates at the speed of light (300,000 km/sec); it interacts with charges and currents to convert itself into other forms of energy (chemical, mechanical, etc.).

We shall regard the electric field as one of the aspects of the electromagnetic field.

A measure of the strength of an electric field is given by the mechanical force per unit charge experienced by a very small body placed in this field and is denoted by the letter E.

By definition

E =

An inertialess charge placed in an electric field would follow a path called a line of force. The total number of lines of electric force through a surface placed in an electric field is called the electric flux and is denoted by the letter N. For a surface S normal to the vector of a uniform field of strength E, the flux is

N = ES

Topic 2 (Part II) Waves, their properties

Wave types

A wave is a disturbance that propagates through empty space or a medium such as air or water, usually transporting energy as it travels.

In «transverse waves», the disturbance is at right angles to the wave's direction of motion. Electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, is a form of transverse wave in which magnetic and electric fields oscillate at right angles to the wave’s direction of travel. In «longitudinal waves», the disturbance is parallel to the wave's direction. These include sound waves in gases and liquids. Water waves are an example of a wave that is both transverse and longitudinal - a floating cork will move in a circle as a wave washes past it.

Waves are characterized by their wavelength (the distance between peaks or compressions), frequency (the rate at which waves pass a given point) and amplitude or intensity. Standing or stationary waves occur when waves are held in a fixed position - for instance, when a guitar string vibrates. Such waves always involve a whole or half-number of waves, and hence the length of the string determines the wavelengths it can maintain.

Topic 3 (Part II) Radio

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