Auml; Jokes and Puns. Discuss the following questions:

Start-up

Discuss the following questions:

1. What is law?

2. Why do people need laws?

3. Why do people obey laws?

4. Should people obey the law if they feel that it is not fair?

5. What is justice?

Vocabulary

EXERCISE 1. Fill in the table according to the given example. Not all the forms will be used for each word. Use dictionary, if necessary. Translate the words into Russian.

Verb	Noun (thing or concept)	Noun (person)	Adjective
settle
behave
enforce	enforcement
concern
implicate
limit	limitation		limited
implement
administer		administrator
involve
dispute	dispute	disputant	disputatious
litigate	litigation	litigant	litigious

EXERCISE 2. Choose the correct word from the list to complete each sentence. Translate the sentences into Russian.

disputes settled enforced behavior administer

settlement concerns implication limit involved

implicated enforcement implemented litigation

1. The two companies _________ their dispute out of court.

2. ________ between Russian organizations and foreign firms are often settled by Arbitration Commission.

3. Certain kinds of disputes should be referred for _________ to arbitration.

4. Society has a right to protection from illegal _________.

5. The courts _________ justice by hearing cases.

6. Private law _________ disputes among citizens within a country.

7. He smiled, but the _________ was that he didn’t believe me.

8. The police found the letter which _________ him in the robbery.

9. He refused to be _________.

10. We must ________ ourselves to an hour.

11. The committee’s ideas will be __________ immediately.

12. __________ is legal contest.

13. A new training for law __________ officers was organized.

14. Laws made by governments are _________ against all citizens.

EXERCISE 3.Make these words negative by adding the appropriate prefix:

in, un, im, il, dis.

__legal __formal __limited __moral __necessary __obey

__lawful __fair __just __ability __reasonable __justice

Reading and language study

What is Law?

(I)In the opinion of many people, the law is a necessary evil that should be used only when everyday, informal ways of settling disputes break down. If our neighbor plays loud music late at night, we probably try to discuss the matter with him rather than consulting the police, lawyers or the courts. Only when a neighbor refuses to behave reasonably we start thinking about legal implications of everyday activities.

(II)The English word “law” refers to limits upon various forms of behavior. So, a law is a statement or rule that tells us what we may or may not do. In all societies, relations between people are regulated by laws. Some of them are customs, that is, informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as, religious, educational and cultural groups. And some are precise laws made by governments and enforced against all citizens within their power.

(III)What motives do governments have in making and enforcing laws? Social control is one purpose. Public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state or between one state and another. Private law concerns disputes among citizens within a country. Another purpose is the implementation of justice. Justice is a concept that most people feel is very important but few are able to define. Sometimes a just decision is simply a decision that most people feel is fair. It is often said that justice is blind. It means that the law is not concerned with personalities or whether litigants are powerful or weak, good or bad or black or white. Bejamin Disraeli (1804-1881) said: “Justice is truth in action”. Justice is certainly not deaf and will listen to any reasonable claim. The courts administer justice by hearing cases. Law is also used as a mechanism for social change. For instance, at various times laws have been passed to inhibit social discrimination and improve the quality of individual life in matters of health, education, and welfare.

(IV)It seems that people all over the world are becoming more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other. Companies employ experts to ensure that their contracts are lawful whenever they do business. Non-industrialized tribes in South Africa use lawyers to stop governments from destroying the rainforests where they live. Ordinary citizens can nowadays challenge the decisions of their governments in courts of law. When it helps people to reach just agreements across social, economic and even international barriers, law seems a good thing. However, when it involves time and money and highlights people’s inability to cooperate informally, law seems to be an evil but a necessary one that everyone should have a basic knowledge of.

(Adapted from Law Today by Richard Powell)

EXERCISE 4.Scan the text and find definitions to these legal terms:

- Law

- Public law

- Private law

EXERCISE 5. Read the text and answer the following questions:

1. What is law?

2. What functions does law perform?

3. What disputes does public law concern?

4. What disputes does private law concern?

5. What means should people use to regulate relations with each other?

EXERCISE 6. Read the text carefully and complete the sentences given below.

1. The law should be used only when informal ways of _______ _______ break down.

2. When someone refuses to behave reasonably we can _______ the police or lawyers.

3. The English word ‘law’ refers to _________ upon various forms of behavior.

4. Relations between people are _________ by laws.

5. Laws made by governments are _________ against all citizens within their power.

6. Private law concerns _________ among citizens within a country.

7. The courts administer _________ by hearing cases.

8. People use ________ ________ to regulate their relations with each other.

EXERCISE 7.Using the paragraph reference given in brackets, find words in the text which have a similar meaning to:

- argument, conflict (I)

- meaning, significance (I)

- conduct, actions (II)

- rule, regulation (II)

- particular, specific (II)

- carry out, apply (II)

- function, use (III)

- fairness, rightness, legitimacy (III)

- lawsuit, action (III)

- demand, request (III)

- prevent, stop (III)

- way, instrument, mechanism (IV)

- legal, valid, rightful (IV)

- authority, state (IV)

EXERCISE 8. Put the words into the right order (subject-verb-object) to make up sentences.

1. private law, citizens, with, concerned, disputes, within, is, a country, among.

2. customs, social and moral, are, of, informal rules, behavior.

3. one, in, the divorce, disputed, of, court, the parties.

4. the decisions, the government, can, challenged, by, citizens, be, of, ordinary.

5. there, that, are, making, and, some, enforcing, laws, have, in, motives, governments.

EXERCISE 9. Make up sentences using the following words and word combinations:

settle disputes, law, justice, consult a lawyer, behave reasonably, relations between people, legal means, regulate, enforce, implement justice, administer justice, just agreement, court of law.

EXERCISE 10. Using the paragraph reference given in brackets, find in the text the English equivalents for these Russian legal terms and expressions.

- право, закон (I)

- разрешать спор, конфликт (I)

- юрист, адвокат, юрисконсульт (I)

- вести себя разумно (I)

- юридическое значение (I)

- регулироваться законами (II)

- применять законы ко всем гражданам (II)

- осуществление правосудия (III)

- отправлять правосудие (III)

- сдерживать социальную дискриминацию (III)

- благосостояние, социальное обеспечение (III)

- законные средства (IV)

- оспаривать решение (IV)

- справедливое, обоснованное соглашение (IV)

EXERCISE 11.Translate the text WHAT IS LAW? into Russian.

Macr; Asking Questions

When asking for information, we use four basic types of questions. Each type of question has the certain sentence structure. The question structure reflects different assumptions that a person asking for information had made before he started asking questions. For example, these different structures allow lawyers to research the problem and collect the information they need to succeed in a legal contest and hence help a client.

Type	Example	Structure (word order)	Answer	Meaning (what the person asking the question supposes)
YES/NO	Did your neighbor play loud music last night?	AV*– subject- verb	Yes, my neighbor played loud music last night.   No, my neighbor did not play loud music last night.	Your neighbor played loud music last night.
WH-*	What time did your neighbor play loud music?	WH- AV –subject- verb	My neighbor played loud music at 2 a.m.	Your neighbor played loud music at specific time.
NEGATIVE	Didn’t your neighbor play loud music last night?	AVn’t -subject -verb	Yes, my neighbor played loud music last night. No, my neighbor did not play loud music last night.	Your neighbor played loud music last night, but gives you a chance to disagree.
TAG	Your neighbor played loud music last night, didn’t he?	subject – (AV) verb -, AVn’t - subject	Yes, my neighbor played loud music last night. No, my neighbor did not play loud music last night.	Your neighbor played loud music, and expects you to agree with him.

*AV - auxiliary verb or modal verb (be, have, do, will, shall, would, should, can, may, must)

*WH - what, where, when, why, which, who, + how

EXERCISE 12.Read the text given below. Make up questions that may lead to further classroom discussion. Ask your questions to your classmates.

LAW AND RELIGION

Law has much in common with religion. Like religion, law is a means of regulating human conduct. It defines a society’s vision of “good” and “evil”. Indeed, laws enacted by government often reflect moral, religious values. For example, the US states have regularly passed laws protecting marriage and regulating other forms of sexual conduct. In early US history, some states severely punished sexual activity outside marriage. In 1785 Massachusetts law allowed public whipping of a man or woman found guilty of adultery and death for homosexual intercourse. Many states continue to make adultery an offence. In Idaho, a person can still be imprisoned for up to three years for adultery.

EXERCISE 13.Translate the given passage into English.

Право – это совокупность норм, охраняемых силой государства. С помощью права государство регулирует наиболее важные общественные отношения. Норм права очень много. Например, нормы, регулирующие отношения между гражданами,составляют гражданское или частное право. Отношения между государством и гражданином относятся к сфере публичного права.

В современном обществе существует много методов формального и неформального социального контроля. К неформальным механизмам социального контроля можно отнести моральные и нравственные устои, религиозные убеждения, общественные традиции и обычаи. Право является одной из форм формального социального контроля. В развитых политически организованных обществах различные законы регулируют отношения между гражданами, между гражданами и государством, а также отношения между различными странами.

Extend your skills

EXERCISE 14. Working in small groups, decide whether the following laws would be fair or unfair. Express your opinions in class. Be prepared to explain your choices.

- All businesses need a license to operate.

- People are allowed to keep poisonous pets at home.

- Left-handed children must sit in the back of their classroom in school.

- People with AIDS should not be allowed to work in hospitals.

- Religious materials may not be handed out in public parks.

- Males at age eighteen must register for military services.

- Senior citizens are entitled to a 10% discount for any type of purchase.

- All mentally ill citizens must be placed in hospital care.

List some examples of other laws that you consider to be fair or unfair.

EXERCISE 15.Imagine that you and your friends were washed ashore on a tropical island. The island is uninhabited but has ample food, water, and shelter for everyone. No one owns the island, and no one knows you are there. You may be trapped on the island for days or years. Would you want to have laws to help the group together peacefully? Describe some of these laws.

EXERCISE 16. Read the information about Mind Mapping and do your mind map for the text WHAT IS LAW?

Macr; Mind Mapping

Mind mapping (or concept mapping) is a tool

▪ which can help you to think and learn;

▪ which can help you to understand and remember the important issues in your readings;

▪ which can help you recognize the central idea and think over the related ideas which radiate out from the center.

By focusing on key ideas written down in your own words, and then looking for branches out and connections between the ideas, you are mapping knowledge in a manner which will help you understand and remember new information.

Use lines, colors, arrows or some other ways of showing connections between the ideas generated on your mind map. These relationships may be important in your understanding of new information or in constructing a summary, a well-structured presentation or creating visual aids for your presentations. By personalizing the map with your own symbols and designs you will be building visual and meaningful relationships between ideas, which will assist in your recall and understanding.

FOUR STEPS in creating mind maps that can help you to summarize your reading.

1. Read the source material in one sitting and then go back to any parts you are not quite sure of.

2. Do a mind map. It is important at this stage to do the mind map from memory, so don’t consult the text or any other source of information. Doing your mind map

a) put the main idea in the middle of the page. This gives you space for other ideas to radiate out from the center.

b) leave a lot of space. After initial drawing of the mind map you may wish to highlight things or add some information and your comments.

3. Stop and study the mind map you have just done. Your mind map is very valuable as it shows both areas you have understood and areas you are not sure of. Study your mind map to discover the gaps in your knowledge and refer back to the text to fill in any of these gaps.

4. Personalize. Using different colors and symbols add your own comments to the mind map. It is in this personalizing stage your mind map stars to help you with your learning.

auml; Jokes and Puns

A lawyer’s dog, running about unleashed, beelines for the local butcher shop and steals a roast off the counter. The butcher goes to the lawyer’s office and asks, ”If a dog, running unleashed, steals a piece of meat from the store, do I have a right to demand payment for the meat from the dog’s owner?” “Absolutely”, the lawyer responded. The butcher immediately shot back, “Good! You owe me $7.99 for the roast your dog stole from me this morning. ” The lawyer, without a word, writes the butcher a check for $7.99. A few days later, the butcher finds an envelope from the lawyer. The contents read “Consultation: $25.00.”

beeline- прямиком направиться

butcher- мясник

steal- красть

counter- прилавок

TYPES OF LAW Law is the set of rules or principles dealing with a specific area of a legal system. Black’s Law Dictionary

Start-up

Discuss the following questions:

1. What categories of law do you know?

2. What major legal systems do you know?

3. What is the difference between civil and criminal law?

Vocabulary

EXERCISE 1. Fill in the table according to the given example. Not all the forms will be used for each word. Use dictionary, if necessary. Translate the words into Russian.

Verb	Noun (thing or concept)	Noun (person)	Adjective
proceed	procedure		procedural
injure
require			requisite
offend		offender
prosecute
treat
act		actor
harm
victimize	victimization	victim	victimized
prohibit
codify
judge

EXERCISE 2. Choose the correct word from the list to complete each sentence. Translate the sentences into Russian.

offender procedure prohibited victim injured

harm requirements codes treatment

judgment action prosecution codified Act

1. She was _________ badly in the car accident.

2. Girls need special _________ while in prison.

3. A person harmed by a crime is a _________.

4. Writing a cheque is quite a simple _________.

5. Civil law systems are _________ systems, and the basic law is found in_________.

6. You will have to use your_________.

7. A person who has broken the law is an_________.

8. There are some special_________ for those who enter the faculty of law.

9. A famous lawyer was asked to appear for the _________.

10. The sale of narcotics is ___________ in our country.

11. A criminal act may cause ___________ to some individual.

12. Parliament has passed an __________ prohibiting the sale of narcotics.

13. A civil or criminal judicial proceeding is __________.

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