Problems of development and connections of world. Lecture 1.

1. Dialectics and metaphysics about connections and development of world.

2. History types and alternatives of dialectics.

3. Categories of dialectics — reflection of connections of being: a) structural b) determinative.

II- 1. Dialectics of ancient Greeks is naive, elemental,, according to Heraclit a world is in a permanent stream, inwardly contradictory and is thought in the eternal becoming, movement, in unity of oppositions.

But this conception of nature had not the detailed proofs and was the result of direct contemplation. Here is failing, weak point of ancient dialectics.

Dialectics received some criticism. The Elea’s school worked it out successfully (Parmenid, Zenon from Eleya-sity).

II- 2. In the Middle Ages the metaphysics became philosophical basis of theology, in the New time metaphysics (it) was concentrated on the аnalitics-classification receptions of cognition. We WRITE: Thanks to metaphysics, opening and explanation of the separate phenomena of nature were done, their classification is given, nature is successfully decomposed to pieces on to the separate signs, solid actual material was accumulated. But metaphysics braked development of sciences in the basis of which the study of changes lies: cosmology (I Kant), geology (Charles Layel), biology (Ch. Darwin), metaphysics was useless to deep in internal essence of difficult processes because “AFTER TREES it did not SEE FOREST”- the whole.

II- 3. The II -nd history form of dialectics is idealistic dialectics of classic Germanphilosophy. The payment of Kant is great here, but the Hegel’s teaching became a top, H egel “first imagined a whole natural, history and spiritual world as a process, that is in continuous movement, in change, transformation and development.

And he made an attempt to bring to light internal connection of this movement and development» (F. Engels. Anti-Dyoring //Works. T. 20. P. 23).

However, development was interpreted by Hegel as self-development of absolutespirit, that passes in the forward movement from being to essence, and from essence– to notion. Please, you only imagine: the world as embodiment of spirit in the fight against itself, which cognizing itself - this sounds super-difficultly!!!

II- 4. Epoch-making discoveries in the field of natural history prepared the origin of the III-rd history form of dialectics - materialistic:

1. Cellular theory (of Germans Shleyden, Shvann, ros. scientist Goryainov)

2. Theory of Darwin - about what? Evolution.

3. Law of conservation of energy.

On this basis the III-rd form of dialectics is formed, it is materialisticdialectics of Marxism school.

There is acknowledged primary not the absolute spirit, but the material world: while consciousness, idea — is effect, the result of development of objective world, of reality.

II- 5. Principle (lat.: basis, beginning) – is an initial position and fundamental, leading beginning.

Principle of general of contradiction of development connection of the world requires evolutional consideration

Orients us on the system of every phenomenon and process

consideration of any Which was a thing? Which it did become?

phenomenon Which it will be?

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