BeI am;you/we/they are;he/she/it is

Dohe/she/it does

Gohe/she/it goes

Havehe/she/it has

Sayhe/she/it says

For burnt/burned, dreamt/dreamed, etc in British and American English see page 382. For gotten see page 378.

Key to the starting test

The number after the answer tells you which unit of the book has information and practice on that grammar point.

1 c) 3 35 c) 49,53 69 b) 106

2 c) 4,6 36 b) 54 70 a) 108

3 d) 5,6 37 b) 55,56 71 d) 109

4 a) 7 38 b) 57 72 b) 110,111

5 a) 8 39 b) 58 73 d) 112

6 d) 9 40 d) 60,62 74 b) 113

7 c) 9,10 41 b) 61,62 75 c) 114

8 d) 11 42 c) 64 76 d) 115

9 b) 12,13 43 c) 65 77 c) 118

10 d) 14 44 d) 66 78 d) 119

11 b) 15 45 b) 68 79 c) 120

12 d) 16 46 b) 70 80 c) 121

13 d) 17 47 b) 72 81 a) 123

14 a) 18,19 48 b) 73 82 c) 124, 125

15 a) 20 49 d) 74 83 d) 126, 127

16 b) 23 50 c) 76,77 84 d) 128-130

17 b) 24,25 51 a) 78 85 d) 131

18 d) 26 52 c) 80 86 c) 132

19 c) 27 53 d) 81 87 a) 133

20 b) 28 54 d) 83,84 88 c) 134

21 d) 31 55 a) 86 89 d) 136

22 b) 33 56 b) 87 90 d) 137

23 a) 34,36 57 c) 89 91 b) 139

24 c) 37 58 c) 90 92 c) 140

25 c) 38 59 c) 91 93 c) 141,142

26 b) 40 60 d) 92 94 b) 143

27 d) 41 61 b) 94 95 a) 144,147

28 d) 42 62 d) 95 96 b) 145, 147

29 c) 43 63 d) 96 97 d) 146,147

30 d) 44 64 d) 99 98 d) 149

31 b) 46 65 a) 100, 101 99 d) 150

32 c) 47 66 b) 102 100 d) 151

33 a) 48 67 c) 103

34 b) 51,52 68 a) 105

151 To, in order to, so that and for

We use to, in order to, so that and for to express purpose, to say why we do things. The purpose of stopping is to buy a newspaper.

B To

We can use the to-infinitive to express purpose.

Melanie was hurrying to catch her bus. Most people work to earn money. I rang to find out the train times. We went to the library to get some books.

C In order to and so as to

In order toand so as toare more formal than to.

The government took these measures in order to reduce crime.

The staff are working at weekends so as to complete the project in time. We can use the negative in order not to or so as not to.

Melanie was hurrying in order not to miss her bus.

The staff are working at weekends so as not to delay the project any further. We cannot use not to on its own.

She was hurrying to catch her bus. not She-was-hurrying not to miss-her bus.

D So that

Look at this example.

I'll post the card today so that it gets there on Daniel's birthday. After so that we use a subject and verb, e.g. it gets. We often use will or can for a present purpose and would or could for a past purpose.

I'll give you a map so that you can find/you'll find the way all right.

I gave Nick a map so that he could find/would be able to find the way all right.

E To or for?

We can use for with a noun to say why we do something.

The whole family have gone out for a bike ride. Why don't you come over for coffee? To talk about the purpose of a thing, we use either a to-infinitive or for + an ing-form.

This heater is to keep/for keeping the plants warm in winter.

This machine is used to cut/for cutting plastic. But we do not use for + an ing-form to talk about a specific action.

I put the heater on to keep the plants warm, not I put the heater-on-for keeping the plants warm.

Exercises

To(B)

Complete each sentence using to and these words:

cash a cheque, finance her studies, go to sleep, hear the football results, look smart

► Laura went to the bank to cash a cheque.

1 Mrs Miles sometimes takes a pill..........................................................................

2 Tom turned on the radio....................................................

3 Just this once Mike is going to wear a suit...................

4 Jessica is borrowing some money..............

2 In order to and so as to (C)

Alan works for Zedco. He wants to succeed in business, so he is listening to a talk on the subject. Here is what the speaker is showing the audience.

ACTION PURPOSE

► study the market be more successful

1 get to work earlier impress the boss

2 work harder achieve more

3 take risks be a winner

4 think positively not miss any opportunities

Say what Alan is going to do. Use either in order to or so as to. Both are correct.

► He's going to study the market in order to be more successful.

1.....................................................................................................................................

2 …………………………………………………………………………………

3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4....................................................................................................................................

3 To, for and so that (B, D, E)

Comment on what each person says. Use the word in brackets.

? Ilona: I'm learning English. I want to get a better job. (to)
llona is learning English to get a better job.

? Claude: I study encyclopedias. Then I can answer quiz questions, (so that)
Claude studies encyclopedias so that he can answer quiz questions.

? Vicky: I'm saving up. I'm planning a holiday, (for)
Vicky is saving up for a holiday.

1 Nick: I keep a dog. It guards the house, (to)

2 David: I'm going to be very careful. Then I won't have an accident, (so that)

3 Jessica: I'm going on a diet. I want to lose weight, (to)

4 Trevor: I often switch off the heating. It saves money, (to)

5 Sarah: I had to go to Birmingham. I had a business meeting, (for)

6 Emma: I wore boots because I didn't want my feet to get wet. (so that)

152 Review of linking words

A Time words

Look at these examples with when, while, as soon as, etc.

My leg hurts when I walk.

(when I walk = at the time I walk)

Mark heard the news on the radio as/while he was driving home.

(as/while he was driving = during the time he was driving)

We're going to tidy up after everyone's gone.

(after everyone's gone = later than everyone goes)

As soon as Laura had left the house, it started to rain.

(as soon as she had left = immediately after she had left)

/ must get to the post office before it closes.

(before it closes = earlier than it closes)

You have to wait until the light changes to green.

(until it changes = up to the time it changes)

David hasn't been able to work since he broke his leg.

(since he broke his leg — from the time he broke his leg) Remember that we use the present simple for future time after when, etc. We say before it closes, until it changes, etc (see Unit 27).

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