International information field

International communications in a variety of reasons are very special object. Let's try to enumerate some of them. Firstly, the international flow of communication in a situation like conditionally independent communication chain. How, for example, write analysts of national security: there is no world government. Secondly, we are dealing with communication between the fundamentally different structures. And then the question is not only a mismatch of codes. Before us is discrepancy, "the national art world," which allows even speak of a "national logics".

At the time, Yuri Lotman noted that even a standard process-communication takes place in situations of partial non-coincidence of codes, in that he saw the creative nature of communication, the possibility of new information. "Under the new text we will understand the message, which does not coincide with the original and can not be automatically inferred from it".

Third, international communications are under the total control than internal information, which also left its imprint on their existence. Indeed, the artificiality of (a stronger line code) in this case increases drastically.

International Communications enough frequency occur in an aggressive environment, which requires the development of counter-propaganda issues, etc. Samuel Huntington sees, for example, a future war as a war of civilizations, considering that at present, only Japan was able to save the context of high levels of production and their cultural way of life, all the rest of the country gradually to some extent shifted to the western model of civilization.

However, even in the most confrontational periods of international communication is not disappearing. On the contrary, states are seeking new forms of contacts during this period. Recall the Caribbean crisis, when the main information between the U.S. and the Soviet Union passed through the channel, which is only conditionally can be considered official. In periods of "cold war" of the country continued to be exchanged, although under strict control in the field of culture. Often the performances of dances and songs ensemble replaced by a verbal text.

International Communications at the same time and perform a specific center of power, even if they do not occur in a direct way. This, for example, the impact of movies, novels and other manifestations of popular culture. Certain amount of pressure these methods of transmitting information in part one of the reasons the Soviet Union. Believes, for example, Sergei Kurginian, the USSR lost the third world war is a war on the symbolic, communicative. Francis Fukuyama wrote that the Soviet leaders did not feel its legitimacy, which led to their withdrawal from government. They did not feel legitimate because of the emergence of new pro-Western norms. It is believed that ending the war in Vietnam, and the replacement of the Shah in Iran, Khomeini was also a result of complex effects of international communication on public opinion.

In general, international communication is a clash between different norms, which often take extreme forms. "Izvestia" (Feb. 1996.29.) Described, for example, "expulsion" of the Embassy of Kazakhstan in the small Rhineland town of Remagen. The newspaper listed a standard set of inconveniences associated with the embassy, painted original color LPG lack of toilets in the garden next to the embassy and unpaid telephone conversations, the crowds of immigrants in the surrounding streets, etc. As a result of the public joined in civil protest groups, they joined the municipality. As a consequence - the embassy moved to Bonn.

The presence of certain norms often dates back to ancient times. How interesting H.Dzh.Makkinder said, "the most amazing coincidence in the history lay in the fact that both marine and land expansion in Europe was in a sense a continuation of the ancient Greeks and Romans confrontation. Several failures in this area were much more far-reaching consequences than an unsuccessful attempt to Rome Latinize Greeks. Teutons to Christianity and civilized by the Romans, the Slavs in the same - from the Greeks. It was Romance and Teutons subsequently sailed on seas and that the Greco-Slavic galloping across the steppes, conquering the Turanian peoples. So that the modern land power is different from the sea is the source of its ideals, and not in the material conditions and Mobility ".

In the taxonomy of international communications are subject not only real values, but symbolic value, which is primarily engaged in public relations. However, these symbolic values ​​in some cases significantly determine or that the actual political behavior of states. For example, in the U.S. image is a certain isolationism, representing her country as different from European and building at a higher level. The disappearance of the Soviet Union off the map even raised the status of the U.S. as a superpower.
In the UK, conducted research on information sources (internal and international) with a gap of ten years (Spectrum, 1996, winter). So, in 1985, the international sources of information for people of this country were as follows: TV - 62%, newspapers - 23%, radio - 14%, talk to people 1%. In 1995, these sources are as follows: 71% TV, newspapers - 16% -11% of radio, talk with people - 1% Other - 1%. In this television is prevalent for women (75%) for people over 65 (80%) and for certain social classes. For another picture of inside information (present data only for 1995): The newspaper - 44% (previously - 55%), TV - 33% -11% of radio, talk with people - 9%, other - 3%. As you can see, the international information comes to us quite clearly defined channels.

At the same time A. Panarin highlights two types of information, a difference which is clearly visible in the case of unequally exchange between the more developed and less developed regions (Panarin, Introduction to Political Science. - M., 1994. - S. 295-296). This exchange of technological information and exchange of socio-cultural information that is exchanged living standards. It offers two schemes of exchange. In scheme A is a maximum exchange of application information and a minimum of social and cultural. In the scheme B as perceived by the socio-cultural information, but reduced to the minimum application information.
The CIS countries are under option B (an inverted triangle in the terminology of Panarin). We take the western way of life, but do not take in sufficient support of their technology. Asian countries, by contrast, took on a maximum of technological information and to minimize the socio-cultural information. Their culture creates its own standards of Western life filter, this filter is not the case in our cultures. In the same vein, he interprets the well-known axioms of Protestant work. "The famous Protestant asceticism isolated" dyuzhennyh petty bourgeoisie "from the temptations of leisure, the arts, from the world of artistic bohemia, accumulated in the Catholic south of Europe" (p. 297).

International communication flows.
UN and UNESCO has emphasized non-equivalence of information flows that exist in today's world. In 1957, UNESCO drew attention to the UN General Assembly on the kind of hunger for information, based on the disparity between the rich countries sharing the North and poor South.
This can be seen both at the level of material security, as well as to the content. Today the South has only 4% of the computers, 75% of mobile phones is concentrated in nine of the richest countries in the world. So only phone in Japan more than 50 countries in Africa. In 39 developing countries, there is no newspaper in the 30 - only one. At the same time in Japan -125 daily newspapers in the United States - 1687. In rich countries, 911 radios per 1,000 people in the impoverished -142 to 1000. Consequently, they are 447 and 36 TV sets per 1,000 people.

Such a saturation technique at the same time reflects the direction and information flows: from North to South is 100 times more information than in the opposite direction. For example, Europe broadcasts to Africa, 855 hours per year, while in Europe, Africa only 70. As the researchers write, "the world gets 80% of the news from London, Paris and New York" (Many voices, one world. - UNESCO, 1980. - P. 145). Industrialized countries in full control in areas such as scientific and technical information, information relating to industrial, commercial, banking, trading, information about natural resources and environment, derived from satellites. Such information is controlled by government agencies and large corporations and not get into developing countries. In this case we have a one-way street.
This generally causes some concern to the United Nations and UNESCO as well as quantitative superiority necessarily move in quality. We see the world fundamentally through our eyes. A similar discrepancy is also observed in films and on radio and in books.

There are other asymmetries that make communication a fundamentally non-equivalent. Instead of talking about things of interest to millions of information networks talk about political developments in the form of crises, coups, or speak of eminent personalities belonging to the elite.
There is asymmetry and vertical communication, which allows a small group of people to apply to everyone, actually imposing their own views, as do the other merely a passive perception of information. Impossible for them to activity, so the construction of an open society should focus on creating opportunities for horizontal exchange of information, not just vertical.
There is an asymmetry of the crisis. Very often, the media show us a natural disaster, chaos, strikes, accidents. As a result, people show two variants of behavior: they are closed or the information, withdrawal, or excited, losing the opportunity to see the real cause of problems in their countries.

There are also external asymmetry, when multinational companies are beginning to grasp the content of cultural and recreational programs in developing countries. Gradually lost the incentive to produce own programs, films and books. The result is a uniformity of tastes, styles and content-filled cultural life. Ukraine is in this state and this is a problem for her as true as it is for all countries, many of which are already beginning to defend themselves from foreign influences. In Canada, for example, the adult portion of the population only a third time watching Canadian programs, not American, kids - only 17% of the time. And this is seen as a serious matter.
In general, this is an important issue, because the free flow of information protected by the international community today is not realized. This is still a significant problem because the country's development and communications capabilities of the corresponding connected. Therefore, we propose a new world information and communication order, making information exchange more equivalent.

At the same time offers and new human right (in addition to the right to information): A person should have the right to communicate, "at any age, people struggling to be free from the dominant power - political, economic, social, religious, which tries to reduce communication" (Ibid. - P. 172). The right to communication and includes components such as free access, participation and two-way flow of information.
The non-equivalence is typical of European funds of the media. For example, they pay too much attention to the problems of refugees, while in 1990 they amounted to no more than 1% of the world (Hamelink CJ Europa and the democratic deficit / / Media Development. - 1993.-N 4.-P. 9). Or this: ethnic minorities, usually portrayed in a negative context, provoking racial conflict (van Dijk, TA language, cognition, communication. - Moscow, 1989). Unfortunately, being a man is not perfect, so the role of mass media, made up to keep it in a civilized state, does not advocate violence, racism and the like, is quite significant. After all, the mass media form a set of norms of social behavior.

The problem of these asymmetries cause for concern and people in industrialized countries, since there is a gradual concentration of all means of mass communication in the same hands. So if at the end of World War II, 80% of newspapers in the hands of private owners, in 1987 there have been changes in the opposite direction: 72% owned by the corporation, of which 15 have the largest number of newspapers. Or, for example, in 1981, 20 corporations controlled 11 000 journals, and in 1986 it did have only 6 corporations (Bagdikian B. The Media Brokers: Concentration and Ownership of the Press / / Multinational Monitor. - 1987. - Sept.). H. Chomsky even saw five filters that form of mass communication and public opinion accordingly.

First - this is the right of ownership, profit orientation.

Second - it's focus on advertising.

Third - this is dependent on the influential sources of information because of economic necessity and interdependence of interests.

Fourth - this is dependent on the negative (feedback on the program through letters, telegrams, petitions, speeches in Congress, and the like.

Five - anti-communism. "This ideology helps mobilize the population against the enemy, and since this concept is not enough clear, it can be used against any seeking to engage in politics, which threatens the interests of the owner or supports closer ties with communist countries and radicalism ".

Thus, international information is an important component of international relations, and it is for information boundaries become transparent. And this free flow of information determines what we hear and see how it will meet the interests of not only the person who passes this information, but also the millions who will get it.
There is a serious problem, "bending" the information space in the direction of the stronger party, where as a possible threat is called in, including "information expansion by other states." In response to the same supposed "to take comprehensive measures to protect its information space."

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