Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status Fiscal Years 1820 to 2010. Somali-American community activist. Year Year Year 8,385 326,700

Somali-American community activist.

Year		Year		Year
	8,385		326,700		644,787
	9,127		294,314		841,002
	6,911		34,956		1,058,902
	10,199		38,119		1,059,536
	45,374		237,790		703,542
	114,371		296,697		957,883
	200,877		385,378		1,122,373
	248,120		568,149		1,266,129
	227,498		720,177		1,052,415
	395,346		915,560		1,107,126
	258,536		797,847		1,130,818
	1,026,499		653,206		1,042,625

Source: US Department of Homeland Security, Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status: Fiscal Years 1820 to 2010 ^[131]

The table above does not include the years 2011 and 2012. The number of "immigrant" visas available each year is set by Congress. Nationals of countries that do not historically send many immigrants to the United States are eligible to apply for the Diversity Visa Lottery.^[132] According to Permanent residence (United States), in 2011 there were 2.7 million entries entered in the Diversity Visa Lottery. So far in 2012, there has been 19.6 million participants.^{[ when? ]} The numbers increase tremendously each year.

Oceania [edit]

Australia [edit]

Main article: Immigration to Australia

Countries of birth of Australian estimated resident population (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006^[133]).

The overall level of immigration to Australia has grown substantially during the last decade. Net overseas migration increased from 30,000 in 1993^[134] to 118,000 in 2003-04.^[135] The largest components of immigration are the skilled migration and family re-union programs. The mandatory detention of unauthorised arrivals by boat has generated great levels of controversy. During the 2004-05, total 123,424 people immigrated to Australia. Of them, 17,736 were from Africa, 54,804 from Asia, 21,131 from Oceania, 18,220 from United Kingdom, 1,506 from South America, and 2,369 from the rest ofEurope.^[105] 131,000 people migrated to Australia in 2005-06^[136] and migration target for 2012–13 is 190,000.^[137][138]

Australia and Switzerland, with about a quarter of their population born outside the country, are the two countries with the highest proportion of immigrants in the world.^[139]

New Zealand [edit]

Main article: Immigration to New Zealand

New Zealand has relatively open immigration policies. 23% of the population was born overseas, mainly in Asia, Oceania, and UK, one of the highest rates in the world.

Economic effects[edit]

The Cato Institute finds little or no effect of immigration on the income of citizens belonging to established populations.^[140] The Brookings Institution finds a 2.3% depression of wages from immigration from 1980 to 2007.^[141] The Center for Immigration Studies finds a 3.7% depression wages from immigration from 1980 to 2000.^[142] Research indicates that immigrants are more likely to work in risky jobs than U.S.-born workers, partly due to differences in average characteristics, such as immigrants' lower English language ability and educational attainment.^[143] Further, some studies indicate that higher ethnic concentration in metropolitan areas is positively related to the probability of self-employment of immigrants.^[144]

The American sociologist George Ritzer said in 2009 that "In Europe, 28% of foreigners between the ages of 25 and 49 are unable to find work, with unemployment rates as high as 35% for Turks and Pakistanis and 60% for recent immigrant groups such as Somalis."^[145]

Toronto’s unemployment rate was 6.7% in November 2010, including 19.7% among recent immigrants.^[146]

Welfare[edit]

Research has found that as immigration and ethnic heterogeneity increase, government funding of welfare and public support for welfare decrease. Ethnic nepotismmay be an explanation for this phenomenon. Other possible explanations include theories regarding in-group and out-group effects and reciprocal altruism.^[147]

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