Transportation

A good transport system is needed if goods are to be traded efficiently. A Shipper can choose how to send his consignment (the goods) to the Consignee:

- by water, which covers both national and international shipping;

- by land, road or rail;

- by air.

Like all other means of transport, shipping has certain advantages and disadvantages for Shipper and Consignee:

+	-
It is the cheapest form of transport over longer distance.   Unlimited distances can be covered (e.g. between continents)   Large quantities of cargo can be transported.	It is the slowest means of transport.     It may be subject to delays due to weather conditions.   The insurance costs are relatively high.

There are several types of sea-going ships which carry cargo:

- Liners sail on a fixed route and keep to a schedule. They mainly transport general cargo, containers.

- Tramps take any cargo they can get and sail to any port required. They do not follow a schedule or any fixed route. As a rule, they carry bulk cargo and timber.

- Coasters travel from one port to another along the coast of a country. They are not used for international shipping.

The transport document used specifically for ocean shipping is the Bill of Lading.

When goods are transported, they are called “cargo”. Cargo can be divided into three categories:

- General cargo – goods sent packed in boxes, cases, crates and containers.

- Bulk cargo – large quantities of items such as sand, grain, ore and coal when sent unpacked.

- Bulky cargo – large individual items such as cars sent unpacked.

Liner – линейное судно

Tramp – трамповое судно

Coaster – каботажное судно

Bill of Lading – коносамент (накладная для морских перевозок )

6. Test yourself, choose the correct variant:

1. The Shipper sends the goods to the...

a) Harbour Master; b) Consignee; c) Chief Stevedore.

2. Shipping is the … means of transport.

a) slowest; b) quickest; c) most expensive.

3. Liners carry …

a) bulk cargo; b) timber; c) general cargo.

4. … sail to any port required.

a) Liners; b) coasters; c) tramps.

5. … are not used for international shipping.

a) coasters; b) liners; c) tramps.

6. Sand, ore, grain are...

a) general cargo; b) bulk cargo; c) bulky cargo.

7. Goods in bags, boxes, containers, crates are...

a) general cargo; b) unpacked cargo; c) bulk cargo.

8. The transport document for ocean shipping is the …

a) Surveyor Report; b) Bill of Lading; c) Customs declaration.

9. The head of the port is….

a) Pilot; b) Navigator; c) General Director.

10. … is a person who receives the cargo.

a) Consignee; b) General Director; c) Customs Officer.

Дата добавления: 2015-09-04