Chapter 9. Backs: 1839–1850

1. Hannah Palfrey Ayer, A Legacy of New England: Letters of the Palfrey Family (Milton, MA, 1950), 1:145.

2. Frank Otto Gatell, John Gorham Palfrey and the New England Conscience (Cambridge, MA, 1963), 76–87; Frank Otto Gatell, “Doctor Palfrey Frees His Slaves,” New England Quarterly 34 (1961): 74–86.

3. Baltimore Patriot, November 8, 1824; Rev. Wm. Trotter, “Observations on State Debts,” North American Review 51 (1840): 316–337; J. G. Palfrey (JGP) to Wm. Palfrey, March 11, 1836, PALF.

4. Henry Palfrey to JGP, January 8, 1838, September 3, 1838, January 9, 1839, December 4, 1838, all in PALF; Gatell, “Doctor Palfrey,” 75–76.

5. Kinley J. Brauer, Cotton Versus Conscience: Massachusetts Whig Politics and Southwestern Expansion, 1843–1848 (Lexington, KY, 1967); Thomas O’Connor, Lords of the Loom: The Cotton Whigs and the Coming of the Civil Wa r (New York, 1968).

6. Gatell, “Doctor Palfrey,” 80; Washington Daily Intelligencer, March 3, 1842; Melvin Urofsky and Paul Finkelman, March of Liberty: A Constitutional History of the United States (New York, 2002), 1:352–353; Brauer, Cotton Versus Conscience; Gatell, John Gorham Palfrey, 111–114; H. W. Palfrey to JGP, March 12, 1844, PALF.

7. Preceding paragraphs: Ayer, Legacy, 1:145–146; Gathell, “Doctor Palfrey”; Stephen Kantrowitz, More Than Freedom: Fighting for Black Citizenship in a White Republic, 1829–1889 (New York, 2013); Cf. J. Brent Morris, “‘We Are Verily Guilty Concerning Our Brother’: The Abolitionist Transformation of Planter William Henry Brisbane,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 111 (2010): 118–150; Sydney J. Nathans, To Free a Family: The Journey of Mary Walker (Cambridge, MA, 2012).

8. Boyd Hilton, A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People? England, 1783–1846 (Oxford, 2006); Joel Mokyr, The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain, 1700–1850 (New Haven, CT, 2009).

9. John G. Palfrey, Papers on the Slave Power: First Published in the Boston Whig in July, August, and September, 1846 (Boston, 1846), 31–35.

10. Thomas Weiss, “U.S. Labor Force Estimates and Economic Growth, 1800–1860,” in Robert Gallman and John J. Wallis, eds., American Economic Growth and Standards of Living Before the Civil War (Chicago, 1992).

11. MCLANE, 2:225.

12. Robert Dalzell, Enterprising Elite: The Boston Associates and the World They Made (Cambridge, MA, 1987); MCLANE 2:342–343; Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman, The Reinterpretation of American Economic History (New York, 1971); C. Knick Harley, “Cotton Textile Prices and the Industrial Revolution,” Economic History Review 51 (1998): 49–83. In “The Relative Productivity Hypothesis of Industrialization: The American Case, 1820–1860,” NBER Working Paper no. 722, July 1981, National Bureau of Economic Research, www.nber.org/papers/w0722, Claudia Goldin and Kenneth Sokoloff find that in industries dependent on southwestern cotton fields, female labor was highly profitable.

13. Mark Bils, “Tariff Protection and Production in the Early U.S. Cotton Textile Industry,” JER 44 (1984): 1033–1045; MCLANE, 1:1015; David R. Meyer, Roots of American Industrialization (Baltimore, 2003), 240.

14. Meyer, Roots of Industrialization, 3; MCLANE, 1:70; cf. Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846 (New York, 1991); John L. Larson, The Market Revolution in America: Liberty, Ambition, and the Eclipse of the Common Good (Cambridge, UK, 2010); Harry L. Watson, “‘The Common Rights of Mankind’: Subsistence, Shad, and Commerce in the Early Republican South,” JAH 83 (1996): 13–43.

15. Douglas A. Irwin and Peter Temin, “The Antebellum Tariff on Textiles Revisited,” JER 61 (2001): 777–798; Israel Andrews, Communication from the Secretary of the Treasury... Notices of the Internal Improvements in Each State, of the Gulf of Mexico and Straits of Florida, and a Paper on the Cotton Crop of the United States, US Congress, Senate, 32nd Cong., 1st sess., Doc. 112 (Serial 622–623), 818–821. By 1845, Massachusetts mills consumed 7 percent of the US crop.

16. 1847 Diary, vol. 2, William Minor Papers, LLMVC; Thos. Byrne to R. G. Hazard, July 8, 1839; Joel Small to J. P. Hazard, May 17, 1841; J. P. Hazard to Isaac Hazard, November 30, 1841, December 13, 1841, Hazard and Co., all LLMVC.

17. MCLANE, 1:950, 2:470–577.

18. Janet Siskind, Rum and Axes: The Rise of a Connecticut Merchant Family, 1795–1850 (Ithaca, NY, 2002), 92–117.

19. Araby Jnl., 88, Haller Nutt Papers, Duke; Henry Kauffman, American Axes: A Survey of Their Development and Makers

(Brattleboro, VT, 1972), 33–34; Anderson Ralph to J. D. Hawkins, July 18, 1847, Hawkins Papers, SHC; Magnolia Jnl., 1851–1852, Fol. 444, RCB; Laurel Jnl., 1850–1851, Fol. 445, RCB; Plantation Jnl., 1849–1866, McCollam Papers, SHC.

20. Meyer, Roots of Industrialization, 268–270; MCLANE; Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, Dec. 3, 1845, 29th Cong., 1st sess.

21. Meyer, Roots of Industrialization, 3; Robert Gallman, “Commodity Output, 1839–1899,” in Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1960), 24:43, Table A-1/A.

22. J. D. B. DeBow, Industrial Resources, etc., of the Southern and Western States... (New Orleans, 1852), 3:277, 287; David R. Meyer, Networked Machinists: High-Technology Industries in Antebellum America (Baltimore, 2006).

23. Palfrey, Papers on the Slave Power, 8–9; Nathan Appleton et al., Correspondence Between Nathan Appleton and John G. Palfrey (Boston, 1846); Leonard Richards, The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination (Baton Rouge, LA, 2000).

24. Joshua Leavitt, The Financial Power of Slavery (New York, 1841).

25. Reinhard O. Johnson, The Liberty Party, 1840–1848: Antislavery Third-Party Politics in the United States (Baton Rouge, LA, 2009); Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil Wa r (New York, 1970); Jonathan H. Earle, Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824–1854 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2004); Betty Fladeland, James Gillespie Birney: Slaveholder to Abolitionist (Ithaca, NY, 1955).

26. Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York, 2005), 596.

27. National Era, February 4, 1847, June 24, 1847.

28. Robert Merry, A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican Wa r, and the Conquest of the American Continent (New York, 2009); Paul Foos, A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict During the Mexican-American Wa r (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002).

29. William Lee Miller, Arguing About Slavery: The Great Battle in the United States Congress (New York, 1996), 27–42 and passim; Richmond Enquirer, January 23, 1836. The first recorded use of this doctrine with slavery is by James Gholson, who argued to the 1832 Virginia constitutional convention that state legislative emancipation would violate the Fifth Amendment’s restriction of confiscation of private property without just compensation. See Register of Debates, 24th Cong., 4025–4026; Arthur Bestor, “State Sovereignty and Slavery: A Reinterpretation of Proslavery Constitutional Doctrine, 1846–1860,” Journal of the Illinois S tate Historical Society 54 (1961): 117–180, esp. 172n113.

30. Washington National Intelligencer, February 7, 1844; cf. numerous instances of such reasoning recorded in James L. Huston, Calculating the Value of Union: Slavery, Property Rights, and the Economic Origins of the Civil War (Chapel Hill, NC, 2003), 49– 57.

31. Washington National Intelligencer, February 17, 1844; Donald Fehrenbacher, The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the U.S. Government’s Relations with Slavery (New York, 2001), 220–221. Story tried to limit the scope of his decision to fugitive slave cases, but he concurred that constitutional protection of the property rights of enslavers was a bargain without which “the Union could never have been formed.” For a pro-Lochner take on the later use of substantive due process, see David E. Bernstein, Rehabilitating Lochner: Defending Individual Rights Against Progressive Reform (Chicago, 2011); for a critical view, see Cass Sunstein, “Lochner’s Legacy,” Columb ia La w Review 87 (1987): 873–919.

32. Wilentz, Rise of American Democracy, 533–539.

33. Thomas Hart Benton, Thirty Years’ View, Or, A History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, from 1820 to 1850 (New York, 1854–1856), 2:695–696.

34. CG, February 19, 1847, 453–455.

35. New Bedford Mercury, October 1, 1847; Gloucester Telegraph, October 28, 1846; CG, January 4, 1848; Reginald Horsman, “Scientific Racism and the American Indian in the Mid-Nineteenth Century,” American Quarterly 27 (1975): 152–168.

36. Joseph G. Rayback, Free Soil: The Election of 1848 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Wilentz, Rise of American Democracy, 608–610.

37. Joel Silbey, Party over Section: The Rough and Ready Election of 1848 (Lawrence, KS, 2009).

38. David Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (New York, 1976), 83–85; “Address...,” JCC, 26:239–241.

39. “Remarks... Southern Caucus,” January 15, 1849, JCC, 26:216–217.

40. J. Mills Thornton, Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800–1860 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1978), 206–207: Montgomery Advertiser, November 21, 1849, February 12, 1851; Collin S. Tarpley to John C. Calhoun, May 9, 1849, JCC, 26:395–396; Calhoun to Tarpley, July 9, 1849, JCC, 26:497–498; William W. Freehling, Th e Road to Disunion (New York, 1990), 1:479–486; Thelma Jennings, The Nashville Convention: Southern Movement for Unity, 1848–1851 (Memphis, TN, 1980), 3–40.

41. CG, January 8, 1849, 188; Ralph Keller, “Extraterritoriality and the Fugitive Slave Debate,” Illinois Historical Journal 78 (1985): 113–128; Bestor, “State Sovereignty”; Fehrenbacher, Slaveholding Republic, 226–227.

42. Jackson Mississippian, November 30, 1849, October 5, 1849, in Freehling, Road to Disunion, 1:480–481.

43. New Hampshire Patriot, January 18, 1850; Jennings, Nashville Convention, 13–42; Holman Hamilton, “The ‘Cave of the Winds’ and the Compromise of 1850,” JSH 23 (1957): 331–353.

44. Wilentz, Rise of American Democracy, 637–645; Potter, Impending Crisis.

45. CG, Senate, 31st Cong., 1st sess., March 11, 1850, 269.

46. Holman Hamilton, “Texas Bonds and Northern Profits: A Study in Compromise, Investment, and Lobby Influence,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 43 (1957): 579–594.

47. Potter, Impending Crisis, 114.

48. Holman Hamilton, Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850 (Lexington, KY, 1964), 166; CG, December 2,

1850, 5; Potter, Impending Crisis, 125–128; Christopher J. Olsen, Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi: Masculinity, Honor, and the Antiparty Tradition, 1830–1860 (New York, 2000).

49. Robert R. Russel, “What Was the Compromise of 1850?” JSH 22 (1956): 292–309.

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