Dynamic coastal management is necessary for the long term preservation of many endangered species due to changes in habitats of them.

Adaptation of isoetids

Dark fixation (CAM metabolism) CO2 fixation during night time when concentration are relatively high

Extended lacunal system for CO2 storage during night time

Thick leaf cuticle often without stomata

Extended root system (high Root-Shoot ratio) including mycorrhizas

High radial oxygen losses (ROL) by the roots stimulating mineralisation (CO2 production) and nitrification

6. CO2 uptake by the roots (=TYPICAL for isoetids)

3. For the management of ecosystem, other services than biodiversity are important as well

A. define the term ecosystem services

b. clearly explain why it is important to define these services both for society and for ecosystem management

c. Explain the economic benefits of the restoration of mangrove forest in terms of ecosystem services and devide these services into 4 clearly defined catagories (Lamers).

A. the benefits people obtain from ecosystems. These include provisioning services such as

Food and water; regulating services such as flood and disease control; cultural services such as

Spiritual, recreational, and cultural benefits; and supporting services, such as nutrient cycling,

That maintain the conditions for life on Earth.

B. Because ecosystem service has benefits related to both for society and for ecosystem management. People can get better life with taking benefit from ecosystem and in the opposite ecosystem need to be managed by people to keep this ecosystem save.

c. 1) provisioning, Mangrove can produce food for fishery and also become food for human needed. Mangrove also can save the water from flooding that can destroy the living area of people and other organism; 2) regulating, restoration of mangrove can control of climate because of taking carbon from the atmosphere; 3) supporting, restoration of mangrove can keep nutrient cycles for organisms living there; and 4) cultural, restoration of mangrove meant to become spiritual and recreational benefits for people.

4. Management of methallophyte vegetation:

a. Which abiotic soil parameters are crucial for stable methallophyte vegetation types and why?

1). Metallophytes are plant species that are tolerant to high concentrations of metals including Pb, Cd, Cu and/or Zn in the soil. Metallophytes only occur in slightly acidic floodplain soils (pH 5,0-6,5) with a relatively high Zn availability (total Zn > 40 mmol/L and Zn/Ca > 0,8) because metallophytes have an increased capacity to storage Zn in the vacuole. By having this mechanism metallophytes have an increased metal need.

2). Grasses occur at sites with a high concentration of plant available phosphorus (=Olsen-P). In case Olsen-P >> 1250 µmol/L no metallophytes occur. For a good development of metallophytes (without dominant growth of grasses) Olsen-P should be 500-600 µmol/L.

b. Explain why flooding events will nowdays have a repetative impact on methallophyte vegetation in the Geal stream valley that we visited in our field excursion (Lucassen).

Current flooding events lead to (strong) deposition of sand with a relatively low Zn and high P availability and a poor quality seed bank (input of seeds from non-target species (including also exotic species)). Restoration measures can preferably be taken at the more elevated parts that are expected to be less susceptible to flooding.

5. Give 3 reasons why dynamic coastal management reduces the maintenance cost for nature conservation organization in comparison with the former situation in which the dunes were fixed and explain clearly (grootjans).

Dynamic coastal,management offers opportunities for rejuvenation of dunes and salt marshes because the rapid growth of vegetation is a major thread for nutrient poor dune wetlands which is caused by too high atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the whole dune area

Dynamic coastal management is necessary for the long term preservation of many endangered species due to changes in habitats of them.

3).Dynamic coastal management is necessary to restore groundwater discharge and return bare sand dunes otherwise it may cause a rapid negative consequences due-to man-made sand dikes such as declining of foundation species: mussels and algae.

6. Salt marsh (bolota) and sea grass meadows (luga) are marine ecosystems that are under strong (sil’nym) influence of (tidal (prilivnyh)) currents (techeniy) and waves. The sediments in this systems are often typified (haracterizuetsya) by high sulfide production (but not necessarily (obyazatel’no) high concentrations).

Explain why sulfide production in these ecosystems is typically (much) higher compared to adjacent (sosednimi) bare (golymi) sediments (peskami) (Van der Heide)

In marine ecosystem, there is a lack of oxygen so degradation of oxygen occurred by decomposite bacteria in anaerobic condition. Decomposition of organic matter by bacteria causes production of toxic sulphide due to lack of oxygen.

Seagrass and saltmarsh usually grow in sediment which has high organic matter. Those vegetation has retention of suspended particles by their roots. Suspended particles are captured by roots and those become an organic matter. Organic matter become sulphide by bacteria.

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