List of words and phrases used for

Expressing ideas or information logically	first (of all) сначала, прежде всего at first / in the beginningсначала at the beginning/startв начале secondly во-вторых then / next затем before раньше, до того after (that) после (того) afterwards впоследствии, потом finally / eventually / in the end наконец, в конце концов lastly наконец at the end в конце anyway / in any case в любом случае the thing is дело в том… (but) in fact / actually / as a matter of fact (но) по сути (and) indeed (и) на самом деле
Contrasting ideas	however однако nevertheless тем не менее still / yet тем не менее, все же otherwise / else / or else в противном случае, иначе alternatively иначе instead вместо on the contrary наоборот by contrast / in contrast в противоположность, по сравнению on the one hand / on the other hand (for one thing / for another) с одной стороны / с другой стороны
Adding information	also к тому же, также moreover кроме того, сверх того furthermore / what is more более того besides / in additionкроме того by the way / incidentally кстати
Speaking about causes and results	therefore поэтому so так что, итак thus таким образом as a result в результате this is why вот почему consequently как следствие, вследствие for this reason по этой причине too…for/to слишком…для/чтобы not enough…for/to недостаточно…для/чтобы henceследовательно due to / owing to из-за, благодаря
Referring to what has been said above	as stated aboveкак говорилось ранее as shown как показано as describedкак уже описывалось
Giving examples	for example (e.g.) / for instance например such as такие как namelyа именно
Summing up / conclusion	in other words другими словами or rather или (же) скорее at least по крайней мере all in all / overall в общем и в целом generally / in general / on the whole в общем, в целом in conclusion / to sum it up в заключение in the main в основном in short / in brief короче говоря after all в конце концов

PRESENTATION

Dos and Don’ts: preparation

a) find out about the audience: how many people there will be, who they are, why they will be there, and how they know about the subject

b) find out about the venue and the facilities: room, seating plan, equipment, etc

c) plan the content and structure, but don’t write the complete text of the presentation

d) write notes on sheets of paper or cards

e) try to memorize the first five sentences of your talk

f) prepare visual aids: pictures, diagrams.etc.

g) rehearse your presentation with friends or colleagues

Dos and Don’ts: voice

a) project your voice to the back of the room, but don’t shout

b) use a microphone if you need one.

c) don’t speak in a monotone.

Dos and Don’ts: body language

a) make eye contact

b) face the audience at all times

c) smiling is fine at appropriate moments, but not too much

d) use gestures to emphasize key points

e) stay more or less in one place

f) avoid mannerism (ways of moving and speaking which you do repeatedly without realizing)

Dos and Don’ts: timing

a) start on time; don’t wait for latecomers

b) plan how long you’re going to spend on each point – don’t spend too long on a particular point

c) don’t talk about things that have nothing to do with the subject, unless you have a particular purpose in mind

d) finish on time – don’t run over

Rapport with the audience

You can gain the audience’s attention by:

· telling an anecdote or a story

· mentioning a really surprising fact or statistic

· stating a problem

· asking a question

Key phrases

Дата добавления: 2015-08-27