The way of origin of neologisms

Neologisms tend to occur more often in cultures that are changing rapidly and also in situations where there is easy and fast propagation of information^. The new terms are often created by combining existing words or by giving words new and unique suffixes or prefixes. Portmanteaux are combined words that begin to be used commonly. Neologisms also can be created through abbreviation or acronym, by intentionally rhyming with existing words or simply through playing with sounds. Neologisms often become popular through memetics – by way of mass media, the Internet, and word of mouth (including academic discourse in many fields, renowned for the use of distincitve jargon, with recent coinages such as Fordism, Taylorism, Disneyfication and McDonaldization–now in everyday use). Every word in a language was, at some time, a neologism, ceasing to be such through time and acceptance. [18]

Neologisms often become accepted parts of the language. Other times, however, they disappear from common use just as readily as they appear. Whether a neologism continues as part of the language depends on many factors, probably the most important of which is acceptance by the public. Acceptance by linguistic experts and incorporation into dictionaries also plays a part, as does whether the phenomenon described by a neologism remains current, thus continuing to need a descriptor. It is unusual, however, for a word to enter common use if it does not resemble another word or words in an identifiable way. (In some cases, however, strange new words succeed because the idea behind them is especially memorable or exciting. Newly-created words entering a language tend to pass through stages that may be described as,

- Unstable - extremely new, being proposed, or being used only by a small subculture (also known as protologisms)

- Diffused - having reached a significant frequency of use, but not yet having gained widespread acceptance

- Stable - having gained recognizable, being en vogue, and perhaps, gaining lasting acceptance

- Dated - the point where the word has ceased being novel, entered formal linguistic acceptance and, even may have passed into becoming a cliché

- Passé - when a neologism becomes so culturally dated that the use of it is avoided because its use is seen as a stigma, a sign of being out of step with the norms of a changed cultural tradition, perhaps, with the neologism dropping from the lexicon altogether [8]

When a word or phrase is no longer "new", it is no longer a neologism. Neologisms may take decades to become "old", however. Opinions differ on exactly how old a word must be, to cease being considered a neologism; cultural acceptance probably plays a more important role than time in this regard.

1.3. Borrowing & Reborrowing

Throughout the history of English new words have been incorporated into the language through borrowing (from languages as varied as Latin, Greek, Scandinavian, Arabic, and many others) as well as through the application of morphological and derivational rules to existing words and morphemes. Words currently entering the language are called neologisms too. Definition: borrowings are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language (the source language) [17]. The newly introduced terms, especially those belonging to a specialized vocabulary, cannot be left aside as they reflect the novelties which occurred in those domains. These usually join a new concept non-existent in TL, and if we want to clearly understand the meaning of these terms and use them properly we need a good command of them. Specialized languages are the greatest suppliers of neologisms in a language, a branch of applied linguistics – terminology – emerged in order to prevent the wrong and ambiguous assimilation, to give coherence and adjust these terms in accordance with the organic rules governing TL. Terminology is aimed at both researching and inventoring technical vocabulary; it does not deal with coining new terms or words and it is rather focused on finding new equivalents for the words of foreign origin. The methods which terminology relies on – identification, analysis, creation of new terms – turn it into a practical application, rather than a science, and it works by making the difference between term and concept. Terminology works on two levels:

1) functional – which means facilitating communication

2) conceptual – newly created terms must follow certain requirements.

They must be pronounced easily, they must be concise, they must enable the formation of new terms with the help of affixes, they must be correct from a linguistically point of view, and it is also advisable that the newly created term should not have many spellings. It is terminology that makes these connections and establishes the relationship between semantics, lexicology and exact sciences and deals with adjusting and adopting foreign origin words to the needs of TL.[14] Specialized terms imply very complex translation problems and translators are not the only persons involved in this process: Romanian specialists in the field of technology, linguists and translators put their minds together to find the equivalent which better covers the reality expressed by the English lexical unit. When finding equivalents, specialists must take into account the following requirements: create/find a term which should be productive, which should not develop and have synonyms or homonyms and of course which should be in accordance with the syntactical rules of the language. Many technical and scientific terms are obtained in Romanian by literal translation and confixation. As for the classification of borrowings, Einar Haugen and Uriel Weinreich are regarded as the classical theoretical works on loan influence.[9] The basic theoretical statements all depart from Betz’s nomenclature. Duckworth enlarges Betz’s scheme by the type “partial substitution” and supplements the system with English terms:

importation

foreign word = non-integrated word from a foreign language, e.g. E café (from French); Sp. whisk(e)y (from English) (*the word whiskey in fact comes from the Irish phrase "uisce beatha" which means the water of life, "aqua vitae"); E weltanschauung It. mouse ‘computer device’ (E mouse ‘rodent; computer device’).

loan word = integrated word from a foreign language, e.g. E music (from French "musique"); Sp. chófer (from French "chauffeur").

partial substitution: composite words, in which one part is borrowed, another one substituted, e.g. OE Saturnes dæg ‘Saturday’ (Lat. Saturni dies), G Showgeschäft ‘literally: show-business’ (E show business), (G Live-Sendung) ‘literally: live-broadcast’ (E live broadcast).

substitution

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