Перепишите следующие предложения ; подчеркните герундий. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции герундия.

1) By increasing the minimum deposit and reducing the period allowed for repayment, the government has a quick-acting method of reducing the demand for durable consumer.

2) The increase in government spending and borrowing will have some effect on the rate of interest.

3) We consider the curbing of inflation as a key factor in solving the problem of stabilization.

6. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение слова for.

1) Insurance companies provide protection from certain risks in turn for regular payments which are known as premiums.

2) Present-day economists do not distinguish profit from rent, for they think capital to comprise various kinds of property, land in particular.

3) Many economists specialize in a particular branch of the subject, for instance, urban economics studies city problems, land use, transport, and housing.

4) People can hold money to finance some future purchase without loss of purchasing power, for money serves as a store of value.

7. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Finance and Financial System

1. Finance is the provision of money at the time when it is needed. It is a system of monetary relations leading to formation, distribution and use of money in the process of its turnover between economic entities. The financial system is the network of institutions through which firms, households and units of government get the funds they need and put surplus funds to work.

2. Finance in an economic system comprises two parts: public finance and finance of economic entities. Public finance has the following four functions: the provision of essential services; the encouragement or control of particular sectors of the economy; the implementation of social policy in respect of social services; the encouragement of the growth of economy as a whole.

3. The major instrument of any financial system is the budget. In a market-oriented economy, the budget is the most important tool for achieving national priorities and goals through the allocation and distribution of resources, and the maintenance of a stable macroeconomic environment. The budget is an estimate of national revenue and expenditure for the ensuing fiscal year.

4. In Russia, public finance is a sum of budgets of all levels of subjects of the Federation, extrabudgetary and reserve funds. An accurate revenue forecast is most critical at the federal level of government but it is also important for all subnational governments because over the last several years they have worked with increasingly autonomous budgets.

5. Budget preparation at the federal level involves a number of institutions. The Ministry of Finance (MoF) is the central coordinating institution in charge of compiling and presenting the budget. It has major inputs from ministries in various sectors of the economy and the state tax bodies.

8. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is finance and financial system?

2. What parts does finance comprise?

3. What is a country’s budget?

4. What is public finance in Russia?

ВАРИАНТ 3

ЗАДАНИЯ:

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в них инфинитив. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1) The nationalized industries have always been the first to suffer because of a crisis in the balance of payments.

2) To use food stamps (талоны, карточки) was common practice in many countries in wartime.

3) Statistics depends too much on limited information resources to avoid compromises.

4) The policy adopted was to combine the direct measure of incomes policy and a rising level of unemployment.

2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты (сложное дополнение и сложное подлежащее).

1) We know many newly industrialized countries to have weak trade unions.

2) The free market economy is said to be more flexible.

3) The developing countries want the rich countries to stop imposing tariffs on imports from the Third World.

4) The company is said to be losing a lot of money.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции причастий.

1) A country wishing to limit its population may discourage immigration and encourage emigration.

2) The information obtained is very valuable.

3) If free migration between countries is allowed, people from poor countries will be able to go elsewhere looking for higher incomes.

4) The economist is investigating how an increase in the price of one good influences the quantity of another good demanded.

4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод причастных оборотов.

1) The Central Bank acting as banker to commercial banks, the financial system works steadily.

2) When a commodity is sold by auction bids are made by prospective buyers, the commodity sold to the person making the highest bid.

3) The price of enterprise could remain unaffected, the difference between it and the retail price covered by turnover tax.

4) Interest rates can affect aggregate demand, equilibrium level of output and employment adjusting correspondingly.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните герундий. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции герундия.

1) As a result of the slowing economy and other factors the federal budget deficit began heading upward again.

2) Their buying or selling can indicate to other investors their degree of confidence in the future of the company.

3) In a command economy, the central planning requires large capital investments.

6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на значения слов some и the same.

1) At some price, which we call the “equilibrium price”, the demanded quantity of a good equals the supplied quantity.

2) All markets have the same economic function: they form prices equalling the quantities of goods that people wish to buy or to sell.

3) There has been some rise of income in the past two decades (десятилетия) in developing countries.

4) A less developed country is the same as a country of the Third World.

7. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Accounting Principles and Concepts

1. The accounting system in any given country is one of the key elements of the economic system. The most important theoretical concept of the accounting may be summed up as follows: the subject of accounting is the calculation of the financial results of an economic entity’s business activity. Accounting is used to describe the transactions entered into by all kinds of organizations.

2. Accounting can be divided into three phases: capture, processing and communication of financial information. The first phase, the process of capturing financial information and recording it, is called book-keeping. Accounting, in the true sense of the word, extends far beyond the actual making of records. It includes their analysis and interpretation, it shows the relationship between the financial results and events which have created them.

3. Accounting is based on the accounting equation, which states that a firm’s assets must equal its liabilities plus its owners’ equity. Assets and liabilities, profits or losses are listed in financial statements. The two main types of financial statements are the balance sheet and the income statement (profit and loss account).

4. The balance sheet lists a firm’s assets, liabilities and owner’s equity at a point of time. Changes in the balance sheet are made according to the principle of double-entry bookkeeping. Balance sheets are drawn up periodically: monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, annually.

5. The double entry system divides each page into two halves. The left-hand side is called the debit side, while the right-hand side is called the credit side. The balance sheet shows a lot of useful financial information, but it does not show everything. A firm’s sales, costs, and profits for a given period are shown in an income statement.

8. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What role does an accounting system play in an economy?

2. Into what phases is accounting broken down?

3. What is book-keeping?

4. What is an accounting equation?

5. What is the most widely practised principle of bookkeeping?

6. What does the balance sheet list?

7. What is shown in the income statement?

ВАРИАНТ 4

ЗАДАНИЯ:

Дата добавления: 2015-07-20