Plural of the Noun

(Утворення множини іменників)

1.	+ s	car – cars, dog – dogs
2.	+ es	bus-bu s es, watch – wa tch es, box – bo x es,lunch – lun ch es
3.	f – v + es	knife - knives, thief – thieves, life – lives, shelf – shelves, wife – wives but: chief – chiefs, roof – roofs, hoof – hoofs, hooves; wharf – wharfs, wharves; scarf – scarfs, scarves
4.	y – i + es	city – cities, penny – pennies, army - armies, country – countries but: day – days, toy – toys
5.	o + es	hero – heroes, potato – potatoes
6.		man – men, woman – women, mouse – mice, tooth – teeth, goose – geese, foot – feet, ox – oxen, child – children
7.	compounds	· fellow-workers, school-mates, brothers-in-law (head noun takes -s) · postman – postmen, (man – men) · but: Germans, Russians, Normans · forget-me-nots, merry-go-rounds (without noun) · handfuls, spoonfuls
8.	only plural	consist of two halves: scissors, trousers, spectacles, scales, eye-glasses, tongs end in –ing: earnings, doings, tidings, lodgings, beginnings, goings-on, etc. goods, stairs, slums, wages, outskirts, contents, clothes, eaves
9.	only singular	information, news, business, advice, work, progress, fruit, hair, mathematics, etc.
10.	identical forms	· names of some animals: deer, sheep, swine · some sorts of fish: fish, trout, cod, pike, salmon · names indicating numbers(when they are preceded by a numeral): dozen, pair, couple, score; · but: they went in pairs · words: series, species · pound (money) (followed a numerical indicating shillings) two pound ten (2.10) · foot (measure of length) (followed a numerical indicating inches) five foot ten (5.10)
	foreign plurals	memorandum - memoranda, datum - data, phenomenon – phenomena, formula - formulae, terminus - termini, stimulus - stimuli, nucleus– nuclei, crisis – crises, index - indices; axis – axes, thesis - theses, ellipsis – ellipses
	plural form has a new meaning	colours– 1) plural of tint, 2) flag; customs – 1) plural of habit, 2) duties; damages – compensation of injury; quarters– lodgings.
13.	double plurals	brothers – sons of the mother brethren – members of community geniuses – men of genius genii– spirits pennies – number of coins pence – amount of coins clothes – articles of dress cloths – kinds of cloth indexes – tables of contents indices – in mathematics
14.	countables become uncountables	We had duckfor dinner. The table is made of oak. The tree was in blossom.

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