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a) no, there may be 6 people in the jury;
b) in some cases, their number comes up to 18 people;
c) according to law in the normal jury there are 12 people.
9. In Scotland, where the jury consists of 15 people, the verdict may he
reached by a simple majority.
a) it is so, but the number of the jury is 19 people;
b) yes, it is true, in addition, the verdict may be reached without corroborated evidence.
c) yes, it is true, but as a general rule, no person may be convicted without corroborated evidence.
10. In the event of a "guilty" verdict, the defendant has a right of appeal to
the appropriate court.
a) the defendant has no right of appeal;
b) yes, it is true; the defendant has this right;
c) the defendant can appeal to the Superior Court.
11. A jury completely independent of the judiciary.
a) a jury to some extent depends on local authorities;
b) a jury is affected by the Governmental officers;
c) yes, it is true and any attempt to interfere with a jury is punishable under
the Contempt of Court Act 1981.
12. Not everybody is liable for jury service.
a) but yes, every person may be liable for jury service;
b) there are certain limits for those who have within the previous ten years served any part of a sentence of imprisonment;
c) yes, it is true, there are very high requirements to those who are liable for jury service, there are special rulings: ineligible person include the judiciary, priests and many others.
Pick out form the texts «Trial» and «The Jury» all the word combinations with the following words (terms) and give their Russian equivalents.
trial; defence; accuse; accused; witness; defendant; evidence; jury; guilty;
verdict; to convict; custody; innocence.
Read the text «Courts in Scotland» and make comments on it.
Courts in Scotland
In Scotland the High Court of Justiciary tries such crimes as murder, treason and rape; the sheriff court is concerned with less serious offences and the district court with minor offences. Criminal cases are heard either under solemn procedure, when proceedings are taken on indictment and the judge sits with a jury of 15 members, or under summary procedure, when the judge sits without a jury. All cases in the High Court and the more serious ones in sheriff courts are tried by a judge and jury. Summary procedure is used in the less serious cases in the sheriff courts, and in all cases in the district courts. District courts are the administrative responsibility of the district and the islands local government authorities; the judges arc lay justices of the peace and the local authorities may appoint up to one quarter of their elected members to be ex officio justices. In Glasgow there are four stipendiary magistrates who are full-time salaried lawyers and have equivalent criminal jurisdiction to a sheriff sitting under summary procedure. Children under 16 who have committed an offence or are for other reasons specified in statute considered to need compulsory care may be brought before a children's hearing comprising three members of the local community.
Vocabulary Notes to the text
1. treason - государственная измена
2. solemn procedure - официальная процедура (удовлетворяющая всем
формальным требованиям)
3. indictment-обвинительный акт
4. lay justices of the peace - мировые судьи
5. ex officio - лат. по должности, в силу занимаемой должности
Read the text «Courts in Northern Ireland» and discuss it in the form of a dialogue, using cliches, set expressions and phrases, given below.
Courts in Northern Ireland
The structure of Northern Ireland courts is broadly similar to that in England and Wales.
The day-to-day work of dealing summarily with minor cases is carried out by
magistrates' courts presided over by a fulltime, legally qualified resident magistrate.
Young offenders under 17 and young people under 17 who need care, protection
and control are dealt with by juvenile courts consisting of the resident magistrate
and two lay members (at least one of whom must be a woman) specially qualified to
deal with juveniles. Appeals from magistrates' courts are heard by the country court.
The Crown Court deals with criminal trials on indictment. It is served by
High Court deals with criminal trials on indictment. It is served by High Court and
country court judges. Proceedings are heard before a single judge, and all contested
cases, other than those involving offences specified under emergency legislation.
take place before a jury. Appeals from the Crown Court against conviction or
sentence are heard by the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal. Procedures for a
further appeal to the House of Lords are similar to those in England and Wales.
Commentary and Notes to the text.
1. to deal summarily - рассматривать упрощённо
2. resident magistrate - мировой судья из местных жителей
3. lay members - члены суда, не являющиеся юристами
4. contested cases - спорные дела
5. emergency legislation - чрезвычайное законодательство Cliches, set expressions and phrases.
We are wondering if... - Нас очень интересует...
That's quite right, as the structure... - Совершенно правильно, так как структура...
Everything is clear here (the point is clear), but, you see, there are some peculiarities (in juvenile legal procedure)... - Тут всё ясно, но, видите ли, есть особенности (в судопроизводстве несовершеннолетних)..,
As far as I can remember... - Насколько я помню...
I'd consider that useful to remind that... - Я бы считал полезным напомнить, что...
Let me see for a moment - Дайте подумать минуточку. I'm not sure but I believe... - Я не уверен, но мне кажется (я полагаю)... That's it. The role of... is great here. - Именно так. Здесь велика роль... I would like to add (about the procedure)... - Я бы добавил (о процедуре)
Read the text «Coroner's Court».
Coroner's Court
Coroners investigate violent and unnatural deaths or sudden deaths where the cause is unknown. Deaths may be reported to the local coroner (who is either medically or legally qualified, or both) by doctors, the police, the registrar, various public authorities or members of the public. If the death is sudden and the cause unknown, the coroner need not hold an inquest if, after a post-mortem examination has been made, he or she is satisfied that the death was due to natural causes. Where there is a reason to believe that the deceased died a violent or unnatural death or died in prison or in other specified circumstances, the coroner must hold an inquest and it is the duty of the coroner's court to established how, when and where the deceased died. A coroner may sit alone, or in certain circumstances, with a jury. In Scotland the local procurator fiscal inquires privately into all sudden and suspicious deaths and may report the findings to the Crown Office. In a minority of cases a fatal accident inquiry may be held before the sheriff. For certain categories (such as deaths in custody) a fatal accident inquiry is mandatory. In addition, the lord Advocate has discretion to instruct an inquiry in the public interest in cases where the circumstances give rise to public concern.
Vocabulary Notes to the text.
1. coroner - коронер (следователь, специальной функцией которого является расследование случаев насильственной или внезапной смерти)
2. the registrar - регистрационное бюро (чиновник регистратор)
3. to hold an inquest - проводить расследование
4. post-mortem-лат.: вскрытие трупа
5. the deceased - покойный
6. to inquire privately - проводить частное расследование
7. suspicious death - подозрительная смерть
8. discretion-свобода действий
System of Punishment in Great Britain
Read the texts on «Treatment of Offenders».
Sentencing
The sentence passed on an offender is entirely a matter for the courts, subject to the maximum penalty enacted by Parliament for each offence. The Government ensures that the courts have available an adequate range of sentences to suit the circumstances of each case and that they are well informed about the purpose and nature of each available sentence. The Court of Appeal issues guidance to the lower courts on sentencing issues when points of principle have arisen on individual cases which are the subject of appeal.
Custody
The Government believes that custody should be a sanction of last resort
used only when the gravity of the offence means that there is a positive justification
for a custodial sentence, or where the public needs to be protected from a dangerous
offender. The Court of Appeal has stated that sentences in England and Wales
should examine each case in which custody is necessary to ensure that the term
imposed is as short as possible, consistent with the courts' duty to protect the
interests of the public and to punish and deter the criminal. A magistrates' court in
England and Wales cannot impose a term of more than six months' imprisonment
for each offence tried summarily, but may impose consecutive sentences subject
to an overall maximum of 12 months' imprisonment. If an offence carries a higher
maximum penalty, it may commit the defendant for sentence at the Crown Court,
which may impose- within the permitted statutory maximum - any other custodial
penalty. As in the rest of Britain there is a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment
for murder: this is also the maximum penalty for a number of serious offences such
as robbery, rape, arson and manslaughter.
The death penalty has been repealed for almost all offences. It remains on the statute book for the offences of treason, piracy with violence and some other treasonable and mutinous offences; it has, however, not been used for any of these offences since 1946.
In Scotland the maximum penalty is determined by the status of the court trying the accused unless the sentence is limited by statute. In trials on indictment, the High Court may impose a sentence of imprisonment for any term up to life, and the sheriff court - any term up to three years but may send any person to the High Court for sentence if the court considers its powers are insufficient. In summary cases, the sheriff may normally impose up to three months' imprisonment or six
months for some repeated offences, although his powers are extended by statute in some exceptional cases. In the district court the maximum term of imprisonment is 60 days.
In Northern Ireland the position is generally the same as for England and Wales. A magistrates' court, however, cannot commit an offender for sentencing at the Crown Court if it has tried the case; for certain summary offences, a magistrates' court may impose a term of imprisonment for up to 12 months. There are also other circumstances when a magistrates' court can impose imprisonment of more than six months.
Fines
The most common sentence is a fine, which is imposed in more than 80 per cent of cases. There is no limit to the fine which may be imposed on indictment; on summary conviction the maximum limit, except in certain exceptional circumstances, is J2.000 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and in Scotland J2,000 in the sheriff court and J 1,000 in the district court.
Probation
At present in the United Kingdom the number of offenders subject to supervision in the community considerably exceeds the number in custody. The purpose of probation is to protect society by the rehabilitation of the offender, who continues to live a normal life in the community while subject to the supervision of a probation officer. Before placing an offender probation, which may last from six months to three years, the court must explain the order in ordinary language, ensuring that the offender consents to the requirements of the order and understands that a failure to comply with them will make him or her liable to a penalty or to be dealt with for the original offence. In England and Wales such an order can be made only for offenders aged 17 years or more. In Scotland the minimum age is 16 years and in Northern Ireland 10 years. About 17 per cent of orders in England and Wales contain a variety of additional requirements concerning place of residence, attendance at day centres or treatment for mental illness.
The probation service in England and Wales also administers supervision orders, the community service scheme and parole. In addition, social work services are provided in custodial establishments.
In England and Wales the cost of the probation service is shared between central and local government and it is administered locally by probation committees of magistrates and members co-opted from the local community. In Scotland probation services are integrated with local authority social work departments, and in Northern Ireland the service is administered by a probation board, whose
membership is representative of the community and which is funded by central government.
The probation service provides and maintains day centers and hostels
together with schemes and programmes designed to meet the needs for a broad
range of offenders, and, if possible, drawing the community into partnership in
responding to offending...
Offenders aged 16 or over (17 in Northern Ireland) convicted of imprisonable offences may, with their consent, be given community service orders. The court may order between 40 and 240 hours' unpaid service (the maximum in England and Wales is 120 hours for 16-year-olds) to be completed within 12 months. (This does not apply in Northern Ireland). Examples of work done include decorating the houses of old or disabled people and building adventure playgrounds. The number of community service orders made in England and Wales increased from 28,040 in 1981 to 34,580 in 1986 and in Scotland from 1,083 in 1981 to 3,150 in 1986. In Northern Ireland the number rose from 811 in 1986 to 841 in 1987.
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland a court is free to pass a suspended sentence of not more than two years. (A draft Treatment of Offenders (Northern Ireland) Order will allow sentences for serious offences to be suspended for up to five years). The sentence is not served unless the offender is convicted of a further offence punishable with imprisonment; in that event the suspended sentence normally takes effect and another sentence may be imposed for the new offence. In England and Wales an offender receiving a suspended sentence of more than six months may be placed under the supervision of a probation officer for all or part of the period: courts also have the power, when passing a sentence of between three months' and two years' imprisonment, to order that part should be served and the rest held in suspense.
Check the comprehension of the text by listening to each question and choosing the answer, which you think, is correct
1. The sentence passed on an offender is entirely a matter for the courts.
a) yes, it is true;
b) press or the party leaders can affect the sentence;
c) the sentence passed on an offender depends on the executive power.
2. The Court of Appeal issues guidance to the lower courts on sentencing
issues when points of principle have arisen on individual cases, which are the subject of appeal.
a) there is no such practice;
b) the lower court does not always take into account the opinion of the Court of Appeal;
c) the lower courts on principal issues arising on individual cases regard the guidance of the Court of Appeal as the base.
3. A magistrates' court in England and Wales cannot impose a term of more
than six months' imprisonment for each offence.
a) a magistrates' court in England and Wales can impose a term of three years;
b) a magistrates' court in England and Wales can impose a term of twelve months in case these are consecutive sentences;
c) a magistrates' court in England and Wales can impose a term of only three
months.
4. As well as in the rest of Britain there is a mandatory sentence of life
imprisonment for murder.
a) yes, it is true, besides, this is also the maximum penalty for a number of
serious offences;
b) no, life imprisonment is sentenced for theft and hooliganism;
c) there is no life imprisonment in England at all.
5. The death penalty has been repealed for almost all offences.
a) it is not true; it has not been repealed for rape;
b) more than 150 people are sentenced to the death penalty in England every year;
c) the death penalty remains on the statute book for the offences of treason and a number of other offences; it has, however, not been used since 1946.
6. In Scot/and in summary cases the sheriff may normally impose up to three
months' imprisonment or six months 'for some repeated offences.
a) the sheriff may impose up to a year's imprisonment;
b) the sheriff does not impose up to any term's imprisonment without Court;
c) yes, it is true: in addition his powers are extended by statute in some
exceptional cases.
7. The purpose of probation is to protect society by the rehabilitation of the
offender, who continues to live a normal life in the community while subject to the
supervision of a probation officer.
a) probation may last from a month to three months;
b) probation may be ensured without the offender's consent;
c) probation may last from six months to three years, the court must explain the order in ordinary language, ensuring that the offender consents to the
requirements of the order.
Pick out from the texts «Treatment of Offenders» all the word combinations with the following words (terms) and give their Russian equivalents.
sentence; court; penalty; appeal; custody; offence; murder; accuse; indictment; sanction.
Find in the text the English equivalents for the following phrases.
апелляционный суд издаёт руководства;
правительство считает, что тюремное заключение должно применяться как санкция в последней инстанции...;
лица, занимающиеся вынесением приговоров в Англии и Уэльсе, должны изучать каждое дело;
максимальное наказание обусловливается положением суда;
Development
Read the additional text «Prison Industries, Physical Education and Education» and make a synopsis of it in Russian.
Prison Industries, Physical Education and Education
Prison industries aim to give inmates work experience which will assist them when released and to secure a return which will reduce the cost of the prison system. The main industries are clothing and textile manufacture, engineering, woodwork, laundering, farming and horticulture. Most production caters for internal needs and for other public services. A few prisoners are employed outside prison. Small payments are made for work; in some prisons, schemes provide an opportunity for higher earnings on the basis of output and skill.
Education is financed by the prison service and staffed by local education authorities. In every establishment the education officer is assisted by a term of teachers. Education is compulsory, full-time, for young offenders below school-leaving age. For older offenders it is voluntary. Some prisoners study for public examinations (including those of the Open University). Within the resources available there is an adult education curriculum. Library facilities, provided through the local public library authority, are available in all establishments. Vocational training courses are taught by civilian instruction officers. Physical education is voluntary for adult offenders but compulsory for young offenders. Some 50 per cent of prisons have purpose-built physical education facilities while all but two of the remainder use gymnasia converted from other buildings.
Education in Northern Ireland prisons is traditionally an evening activity, but governors may and do permit prisoners who need help in basic education and those preparing for public examinations to spend part of their working week on educational pursuits. Recently, the distance-learning mode of study has been introduced in a wide range of subjects, lessening the need for evening classes. Prison education is provided by full-time and part-time staff. A wide range of educational and vocational training facilities, from remedial education to Open
University level, is available.
Commentary and Notes to the text.,
1. prison industries - органы, осуществляющие наказание (тюрьмы)
2. to reduce the cost - обеспечивать уменьшение (сокращение), расходов
3. clothing-лёгкая промышленность
4. horticulture - 1) садоводство; огородничество;
5. on the basis of output and skill - на основе выпуска продукции (произ -водства) и мастерства;
6. local education authorities - органы местного образования
7. compulsory - принудительное (носит принудительный характер)
8. education curriculum-учебный план
9. vocational training courses - курсы по повышению профессиональных
навыков
10. basis education - базовое образование
11. educational pursuits - образовательные занятия
12. the distance-learning mode of study ~ заочный режим работы
Read the text «Young Adult Offenders» for 8 minutes and think over its contents. Give the annotation of it in Russian.
Young Adult Offenders
Offenders aged 17 to 20 years (16 to 20 years in Scotland) form a separate category from juvenile and adult offenders. In England and Wales the penalties for young adults are fines and compensation, attendance centre orders and probation orders; offenders may also be sentenced to up to 240 hours of community service. As in the case of juvenile offenders, a custodial sentence may be imposed only when no other measure would be appropriate. The custodial sentences for offenders of this age are the detention centre order (for young men sentenced to a term of four months or less) and the youth custody sentence (for both sexes). For the most serious offences young adults may be sentenced to custody for life. Detention centres, which receive offenders directly from the courts, operate a consistent regime, which is geared to the short sentences involved. This inculcates a high standard of discipline and effort; in senior centres it includes a full working week; younger offenders receive at least 15 hours of education a week. Both junior and senior centres provide one hour of physical training each day. The youth custody centre regime is designed for offenders who are usually serving a minimum sentence of over four months and for those allocated from a local prison. The aim is to provide flexible but coherent programmes of activities which are as constructive as possible and can include an element of vocational training. Some young offenders
to young custody are held in local prisons and remand in special accommodation where as full a regime as possible is provided. The Criminal Justice Act 1988. provides for a unified custodial sentence for young and young adult offenders under the age of 21 in England and Wales: from October 1988 the detention centre order and the youth custody sentence are being replaced by detention in a young offender institution. Young offenders are eligible for parole on the same term as adults and all are supervised after release.
In Scotland young offenders aged under 21 sentenced to detention serve their sentences in a young offenders' institution. Remission of part of the sentence for good conduct, release on parole, and supervision after release are available. In Northern Ireland offenders aged between 17 and 21 who are sentenced to three years or less are sent to a young offenders' centre.
Vocabulary Notes to the text
1. a consistent regime - соответствующий (согласующийся) режим
2. to provide flexible but coherent programmes of activities - обеспечить гибкие, но последовательные программы действий
3. to be eligible for parole - иметь право быть освобождённым(и) на поруки
4. remission of part of the sentence - смягчение части приговора
Civil Court England and Wales
The limited civil jurisdiction of magistrates' courts extends to matrimonial proceedings for custody and maintenance orders, adoption orders and affiliation and guardianship orders. The courts also have jurisdiction regarding nuisances under the public health legislation and the recovery of rates. Committees of magistrates license public houses, betting shops and clubs.
The jurisdiction of the 274 country courts covers actions founded upon contract and tort (with minor exceptions); trust and mortgage cases; and actions for the recovery of land. Cases involving claims exceeding set limits may be tried in the country court by consent of the parties or in certain circumstances on transfer from the High Court.
Other matters dealt with by the country courts include hire purchase, the Rent Acts, landlord and tenant, and adoption cases. Divorce cases are determined in those courts designated as divorce country courts, and outside London bankruptcies are dealt with in certain country courts. The courts also deal with complaints of race and sex discrimination. Where small claims are concerned (especially those involving consumers), there are special arbitration facilities and simplified procedures.
All judges of the Supreme Court (comprising the Court of Appeal, the Crown Court and the High Court) and all circuit judges and recorders have power to sit in the country courts, but each court has one or more circuit judges assigned to it by the Lord Chancellor, and the regular sitting of the court are mostly taken by them. The judge normally sits alone, although on request the court may, exceptionally, order a trial with a jury.
The High Court of Justice is divided into the Chancery Division, the Queen's Bench Division and the Family Division. Its jurisdiction is both original and appellate and covers civil and some criminal cases. In general, particular types of work are assigned to a particular division. The Family Division, for instance, is concerned with all jurisdiction affecting the family, including that relation to adoption and guardianship. The Chancery Division deals with the interpretation of wills and the administration of estates. Maritime and commercial law is the responsibility of admiralty and commercial courts of the Queen's Bench Division. A consultative paper examining the issues involved in setting up a unified jurisdiction in family and domestic matters - a single "family court" - was published in mid-1986.
Each of the 80 or so judges of the High Court is attached to one division on appointment but may be transferred to any other division while in office. Outside London (where the High Court sits at the Royal Courts of Justice) sittings are held at 26 country court centres. For the hearing of cases at first instance, High Court judges sit alone. Appeals in civil matters from lower courts are heard by courts of two (or sometimes three) judges, or by single judges of the appropriate division, nominated by the Lord Chancellor.
Read the text.
Administrative Tribunals
Administrative Tribunals exercise judicial functions separate from the courts. Generally, they set up under statutory powers, which govern their constitution, functions and procedure. Compared with the courts, they tend to be more accessible, less formal and less expensive. They also have expert knowledge in their particular
jurisdictions.
The expansion of the tribunal system in the United Kingdom is comparatively recent, most tribunals having been set up since 1945. Independent of the Government, tribunals rule on certain rights and obligations of private citizens towards one another or towards a government department of other public authority. A number of important tribunals decide disputes between private citizens - for example, industrial tribunals have a major part to play in employment disputes. Some (such as those concerned with social security) resolve claims by private
8?
citizens against public authorities A further group (including tax tribunals) decide disputed claims by public authorities against private citizens, while others decide issues and disputes which do not directly affect financial rights and liabilities (such as the right to enter or visit the United Kingdom).
Tribunal members are normally appointed by the minister concerned with
the subject, but other authorities have the power of appointment in some cases.
For example, the Lord Chancellor (and, in Scotland, the Lord President of the Court
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