III. The Past Perfect Inclusive vs. the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive

The Past Perfect	The Past Perfect Continuous
is used with stative verbs; He suddenly understood that he had loved her all her life.	is used with actional verbs; He suddenly understood that he had been going the wrong way.
lays the stress on the mere action (if used with non-terminative verbs); She said that she had taught English for 20 years.	lays the stress on the duration of the action; She said she had been teaching children for 20 years.
is used in negative sentences. The land was dry. It hadn't rained for weeks.	is used in positive statements. There were puddles everywhere. It had been raining for three days.

FUTURE TENSES

All future tenses refer the action they denote to the future. In English there several forms which express future events, and which one the users select depends on how they see the event, if the event is certain or near to the present.

The Future Indefinite Tense

I. The Formation

The Future Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verb ''shall'' for the first person singular and the plural or the auxiliary verb ''will'' for all the persons and the notional verb in the infinitive without the particle ''to''.

• You will speak to him.
• Will you speak to him?
• You will not (won't) speak to him.

II. The Use

1) The Future Indefinite is used to denote predictions, often with I believe, expect, think, doubt, am sure, know, wonder etc. or accompanied by adverbs such as perhaps, probably, surely, etc. Such predictions which are based on guesswork, analysis or judgment:

· We will still be here in twenty years.

· I think it will be a difficult game.

• Maybe, we will visit them next year.
• I think we will go to Moscow in summer.
• Tomorrow’s weather will be cold and cloudy.
• Perhaps I’ll change my mind after I have spoken to my wife.
• In twenty years’ time, the average employee will work a twenty-five hour week. (=a prophetic statement)

Note 1: After I hope, we generally use the present.

· I hope he wins the game.

2) The Future Indefinite is used to denote a succession of future actions.

• I shall wait in the next room and then come back.

3) The Future Indefinite is used to denote statements of fact about the future, often future habitual actions:

· Next week I will be 25.

· The sun will rise at 5.30 tomorrow morning.

· Christmas day will fall on Tuesday this year.

· Spring will soon come.

4) The Future Indefinite is used to express on-the-spot decisions (decisions made at the moment of speaking).

• I will buy the blue jumper and not the yellow one.
• You look tired. I will cook tonight.

Note 1: Note that if after the decision the speaker mentions the action again, he will not use will, but be going to or the present continuous.

• BILL (to waiter): I will have a steak, please.

Imagine that a friend, Tom, joins Bill before his food has arrived.

• TOM: What are you having/going to have?

BILL: I am having/going to have a steak.

5) The Future Indefinite is used in sentences containing clauses of condition and time:

· If I drop this glass it will break.

· When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt.

6) The Future Indefinite is used in newspapers and news broadcasts for formal announcements of future plans and for weather forecasts. In conversations such statements would normally be expressed by the present continuous or be going to form or, for plans only, by the present continuous:

• NEWSPAPER: The President will open the new heliport tomorrow.

But the average speaker will say:

• The President is going to open/is opening….

III. ''Will'' as a modal verb

There is a tendency to regard will and shall as modal verbs in English Grammar.

The modal will denotes:

a) predictions that refer to the present or past. This “prediction” meaning may sometimes be broadened still further to include general or habitual predictions. In many general statements “habitual predictions” come to have the force of “typical or characteristic behaviour”.;

• That will be electrician - I’m expecting him to call about some rewiring. (on hearing the doorbell ring)
• If litmus paper is dipped in acid, it will turn red.
• A lion will attack a human being only when hungry.
• Truth will out.
• Boys will be boys.
• The auditorium will seat 500.

b) volitions, will or wish of the speaker, his/her promises, threats or warnings;

• Will you sign these papers? (request)
• Will you please open the door for me?
• Father won't let me go. (refusal)
• If you will fill in the form I will see to your accommodations.
• He will go swimming in dangerous waters.
• I will go to the dance! You can’t stop me!

c) in questions to denote request, offer, order, invitation:

• Will you come this way, please?
• Will you say it again?

d) in negations to denote impossibility as refusal (animate subject), rejection, failure to perform the immediate function (inanimate object):

• I will never speak to you again.
• The car won’t start.

IV. ''Shall'' as a modal verb

The modal shall denotes:

a) confident expectations with I or we;

• We shall leave New York on September 4.

b) suggestions, offers and invitations, request and advice in the interrogative with I or we;

• Shall we wait for James?
• Shall we dance?
• What shall I answer him, Tom?

c) commands, rules or regulations in legal or quasi-legal documents. Here shall could be replaced by must (=obligation);

• All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress (the US Constitution).
• A player who bids incorrectly shall forfeit fifty points. (rules of a card game)
• The hood shall be of scarlet cloth, with silk lining of the colour of the faculty. (rules for academic dress)
• They shall of course invite their in-laws.

d) promises, threats, determination, warnings or favours granted (used in reference to pets or young children).

• I give you my word: the work shall be done in time.
• I shall inform you if the situation changes.
• We shall succeed where others have failed.
• Good dog, you shall have a bone when we get home.
• She shall be rewarded if she is patient.
• No one will escape.
• You mind my word he shall do what he has promised to.

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