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Another firm of structural engineers, Casper, Phillips & Associates (CP&A), reports that a crane designed to meet its catastrophic load condition is able to resist the largest earthquake. A heavier and hence more costly steel structure is required but, says CP&A, when owners are asked if this is a price they are willing to pay for added protection, they usually accept it.
Having said this, the massive Kobe reconstruction project will be a fantastic consumer of steel. Steel prices seem set to rise sharply. This is bound to impact on the cost of large steel structures such as cranes and the differential between a light and a heavy crane is going to widen.
When a crane is not tied down, says CP&A, the earthquake loads are limited to the load needed to tip the crane onto two legs. Once the crane starts to lift, says Bill Casper, the load cannot increase further because the additional seismic energy is absorbed by the raising of the crane’s centre of gravity.
The crane cannot tip over because a fraction of a second later the load reverses. Earthquake tipping load is between 50 and 100 per cent of the crane weight depending on railspan and crane height. When the crane tips onto two legs they have to support the entire weight of the crane; otherwise the crane collapses and falls to the ground.
If the crane has been tied down, continues CP&A, there is no limit to the earthquake loading except that it will peak when the structure is absorbing energy as fast as seismic energy impinges on it. In a large earthquake this happens when parts of the steel structure are being plastically bent back and forth.
Earthquake forces increase in proportion to the strength of the crane, up to the severity limit of the earthquake itself. If the earthquake is strong enough to bend all four legs, the crane is likely to collapse to the ground.
From the point of view of earthquake protection, then, tying down the crane is the worst thing to do. The situation is exactly analogous to the concept of “seismic isolation” for buildings.
Exactly one year to the day before the Kobe disaster, on 17 January 1994, a 6.7 Richter scale earthquake severely damaged 31 Los Angeles area hospitals but the USC University Hospital, the world’s first “seismically isolated” building, rode out the earthquake with no damage at all.
Similarly, in the Kobe quake, the 6-storey West Japan Computer Center located 20 miles west of the city centre and one of the world’s largest seismically isolated structures (ie the equivalent of a crane free to lift on the rails), suffered no damage at all. The peak force accelerations at the roof were lower by a factor of up to 9 (ie 0.07g-0.01g compared to 0.67g-0.97g) than those of a similar-sized but conventional fixed base building (equivalent to a tied crane).
| Earthquake protection for cranes and quays will be addressed at TOC Asia in Singapore in April by Bill Casper of Casper, Phillips & Associates (CP&A) and Liftech Consultants’ Mike Jordan. CP&A has a specific crane design to cater for catastrophic loads while Liftech, whose crane designs include the Mitsubishi-built post-Panamax cranes at APL’s terminal in Kobe, was appointed by the carrier to assess the damage to its facilities in the port. Shunichi Yano, managing director of NYK Singapore Pte will also address the long term implications of the Kobe disaster at TOC Asia. NYK’s new facility on Rokko opened only last year. |
KEYS
UNIT 1
1. 1 – c 2. 1 – a 9 – n 3. 1 – c 4. 1 – c 5. 1 – c
2 – b 2 – d 10 – e 2 – a 2 – c 2 – d
3 – d 3 – b 11 – m 3 – b 3 – b 3 – a
4 – a 4 – f 12 – l 4 – d 4 – a 4 – a
5 – d 5 – h 13 – k 5 – c 5 – d 5 – d
6 – b 6 – g 14 – j 6 – b 6 – b 6 – b
7 – a 7 – p 15 – o 7 – a
8 – d 8 – i 16 – c 8 – d
9 – b
10 – c
6. 1 – c 7. 1 – c 8. 1 – 23 9 – 22 17 – 14 25 – 7
2 – b 2 – a 2 – 31 10 – 9 18 – 4 26 – 33
3 – a 3 – d 3 – 29 11 – 17 19 – 8 27 – 1
4 – d 4 – b 4 – 15 12 – 18 20 – 25 28 – 24
5 – b 5 – b 5 – 28 13 – 21 21 – 27 29 – 12
6 – b 6 – a 6 – 2 14 – 13 22 – 11 30 – 3
7 – a 7 – c 7 – 19 15 – 16 23 – 20
8 – d 8 – 26 16 – 30 24 – 6
UNIT 2
1. 1 – c 2. 1 – b 11 – l 3. 1 – d 4. 1 – a 5. 1 – b
2 – b 2 – s 12 – o 2 – b 2 – c 2 – d
3 – d 3 – g 13 – n 3 – c 3 – d 3 – a
4 – a 4 – c 14 – m 4 – b 4 – b 4 – c
5 – a 5 – j 15 – p 5 – a 5 – b 5 – a
6 – d 6 – t 16 – f 6 – c 6 – d 6 – b
7 – c 7 – q 17 – e 7 – a 7 – a 7 – a
8 – b 8 – k 18 – r 8 – d 8 – d 8 – c
9 – a 9 – d 19 – i 9 – b 9 – c 9 – d
10 – c 10 – a 20 – h 10 – c 10 – c 10 – c
6. 1 – 10 11 – 14 21 – 19
2 – 11 12 – 3 22 – 31
3 – 20 13 – 13 23 – 17
4 – 8 14 – 5 24 – 29
5 – 23 15 – 18 25 – 12
6 – 9 16 – 7 26 – 21
7 – 22 17 – 25 27 – 16
8 – 15 18 – 33 28 – 27
9 – 1 19 – 4 29 – 6
10 – 32 20 – 28 30 – 2
UNIT 3
1. 1 – d 2. 1 – a 11 – e 3. 1 – c 11 – e 4. 1 – b
2 – a 2 – l 12 – j 2 – a 12 – j 2 – a
3 – b 3 – k 13 – i 3 – m 13 – l 3 – d
4 – a 4 – h 14 – m 4 – n 14 – b 4 – b
5 – c 5 – p 15 – b 5 – f 15 – d 5 – c
6 – c 6 – q 16 – o 6 – k 16 – p 6 – a
7 – b 7 – d 17 – r 7 – g 7 – d
8 – d 8 – f 18 – s 8 – i 8 – c
9 – d 9 – n 19 – c 9 – o 9 – b
10 – b 10 – g 20 – t 10 – h 10 – c
5. 1 – b 6. 1 – d 7. 1 – 4 11 – 12 21 – 17
2 – a 2 – d 2 – 22 12 – 26 22 – 30
3 – d 3 – b 3 – 5 13 – 2 23 – 14
4 – b 4 – a 4 – 15 14 – 20 24 – 32
5 – c 5 – c 5 – 29 15 – 7 25 – 1
6 – a 6 – b 6 – 8 16 – 23 26 – 13
7 – d 7 – c 7 – 33 17 – 18 27 – 19
8 – c 8 – a 8 – 25 18 – 16 28 – 27
9 – a 9 – d 9 – 11 19 – 24 29 – 9
10 – b 10 – b 10 – 28 20 – 3 30 – 10
UNIT 4
1. 1 – d 2. 1 – q 11 – f 3. 1 – c 4. 1 – a 5. 1 – b
2 – b 2 – g 12 – a 2 – a 2 – c 2 – a
3 – a 3 – o 13 – c 3 – a 3 – c 3 – c
4 – b 4 – p 14 – e 4 – b 4 – b 4 – c
5 – c 5 – h 15 – l 5 – b 5 – d 5 – d
6 – a 6 – s 16 – d 6 – d 6 – b
7 – c 7 – b 17 – r 7 – b 7 – d
8 – d 8 – m 18 – t 8 – c 8 – a
9 – a 9 – j 19 – i 9 – d 9 – c
10 – b 10 – k 20 – n 10 – a
6. 1 – 24 11 – 12 21 – 26
2 – 25 12 – 16 22 – 20
3 – 21 13 – 6 23 – 10
4 – 5 14 – 15 24 – 22
5 – 14 15 – 30 25 – 3
6 – 19 16 – 11 26 – 8
7 – 13 17 – 31 27 – 29
8 – 2 18 – 27 28 – 17
9 – 1 19 – 23 29 – 31
10 – 28 20 – 7 30 – 4
UNIT 5
1. 1 – a 2. 1 – b 3. 1 – c 4. 1 – d 5. 1 – 7 11 – 25 21 – 11
2 – c 2 – c 2 – b 2 – a 2 – 1 12 – 3 22 – 17
3 – c 3 – c 3 – d 3 – d 3 – 23 13 – 31 23 – 33
4 – b 4 – a 4 – b 4 – b 4 – 24 14 – 28 24 – 22
5 – d 5 – d 5 – a 5 – c 5 – 16 15 – 13 25 – 32
6 – d 6 – 27 16 – 10 26 – 29
7 – b 7 – 15 17 – 9 27 – 30
8 – a 8 – 5 18 – 26 28 – 20
9 – b 9 – 14 19 – 2 29 – 12
10 – c 10 – 19 20 – 4 30 – 21
UNIT 6
1. 1 – c 2. 1 – n 11 – b 3. 1 – b 4. 1 – d 5. 1 – a
2 – d 2 – t 12 – o 2 – c 2 – a 2 – d
3 – b 3 – r 13 – a 3 – a 3 – b 3 – a
4 – d 4 – p 14 – q 4 – d 4 – c 4 – b
5 – a 5 – j 15 – c 5 – a 5 – a 5 – c
6 – c 6 – m 16 – l
7 – c 7 – e 17 – k
8 – b 8 – s 18 – f
9 – a 9 – g 19 – i
10 – b 10 – h 20 – d
6. 1 – c 7. 1 – 21 11 – 6 21 – 22
2 – a 2 – 23 12 – 30 22 – 24
3 – d 3 – 20 13 – 1 23 – 26
4 – c 4 – 3 14 – 32 24 – 8
5 – b 5 – 12 15 – 10 25 – 27
6 – 25 16 – 14 26 – 7
7 – 19 17 – 17 27 – 16
8 – 31 18 – 9 28 – 2
9 – 29 19 – 4 29 – 18
10 – 15 20 – 11 30 – 33
UNIT 7
1. 1 – с 2. 1 – k 11 – s 3. 1 – b 4. 1 – a 5. 1 – b
2 – a 2 – d 12 – f 2 – c 2 – b 2 – c
3 – d 3 – g 13 – e 3 – a 3 – b 3 – a
4 – b 4 – r 14 – b 4 – d 4 – c 4 – c
5 – a 5 – n 15 – h 5 – b 5 – d 5 – d
6 – d 6 – i 16 – q
7 – b 7 – j 17 – t
8 – c 8 – o 18 – c
9 – a 9 – p 19 – l
10 – c 10 – m 20 – a
6. 1 – b 7. 1 – 21 11 – 9 21 – 2
2 – a 2 – 22 12 – 28 22 – 32
3 – d 3 – 18 13 – 4 23 – 16
4 – b 4 – 1 14 – 26 24 – 25
5 – c 5 – 12 15 – 31 25 – 17
6 – 29 16 – 19 26 – 13
7 – 24 17 – 3 27 – 23
8 – 33 18 – 20 28 – 30
9 – 15 19 – 11 29 – 5
10 – 7 20 – 6 30 – 10
REFERENCES
Cargo systems, January 2004
Cargo systems, June 2004
Cargo systems, August 2004
Cargo systems, September 2004
Cargo systems, October 2004
Cargo systems, January/February 2005
Cargo systems, April 2005
Cargo systems, June 2005
Cargo systems, July/August 2005
Cargo systems, September 2005
Cargo systems, November 2005
WorldCargo news, February 1995
WorldCargo news, October 1995
WorldCargo news, June 1997
WorldCargo news, July 1997
WorldCargo news, August 1997
WorldCargo news, January 1998
WorldCargo news, August 2003
WorldCargo news, August 2004
WorldCargo news, November 2004
WorldCargo news, January 2005
WorldCargo news, February 2005
WorldCargo news, May 2005
WorldCargo news, June 2005
WorldCargo news, July 2005
WorldCargo news, August 2005
WorldCargo news,October 2005
International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation, Seaways, October, 2007
Seaspeak Training Manual. – Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1989. – 298 p.
IMO Resolution A.918(22). IMO standard marine communication phrases. London, 2001. – 104 p.
Стандартные фразы ИМО для общения на море. – СПб.:ЗАО ЦНИИМФ, 1997. – 476 с. («Судовладельцам и капитанам», вып. 9).
Фаворов П. А. Англо-русский морской технический словарь. – М.: Воениздат, 1977. – 931 с.
Яковлев А. А., Яковлев В. А. Основы морской технической терминологии. – Одесса: Моряк, 1977. – 100 с.
Апресян Ю. Д., Медникова Э. М., Петрова А. В. и др. Новый большой англо – русский словарь. В 3 т. Под общ. рук. Апресяна Ю. Д., Медниковой Э. М. – М.: Рус. яз., 1998. – 832 с.
CONTENTS
UNIT 1 – Cranes – part 1…………………………………………………… 3
– part 2……………………………………………...............7
– part 3…………………………………………………….12
– part 4…………………………………………………….15
– part 5…………………………………………………….18
– part 6…………………………………………………….20
– part 7…………………………………………………….22
– part 8…………………………………………………….25
– part 9…………………………………………………….28
– part 10…………………………………………………...32
– test……………………………………………………….35
UNIT 2 – Straddle carriers – part 1………………………………………….39
– part 2………………………………………….42
– part 3………………………………………….45
– part 4………………………………………….48
– test…………………………………………….50
UNIT 3 – Reach stackers – part 1……………………………………………53
– part 2…………………………………………….56
– part 3…………………………………………….59
– part 4…………………………………………….61
– part 5…………………………………………….64
– test……………………………………………….67
UNIT 4 – Tractors and other machines – part 1………………………............71
– part 2……………………………...74
– part 3………………………….......77
– part 4……………………………...79
– part 5……………………………...82
– test………………………………...85
UNIT 5 – Car carriers – part 1………………………………………………..88
– part 2…………………………………………….......91
– part 3…………………………………………...........95
– test………………………………………..................97
UNIT 6 – Forest products handling machines – part 1……………….............99
– part 2……………………...102
– part 3………………...........105
– part 4………………...........107
– part 5………………...........109
– test…………………...........111
UNIT 7 – Ports: environment and nature – part 1………………………......114
– part 2.A………………..............117
– part 2.B…………………..........119
– part 2.C………………..............122
– part 3………………..................124
– test……………………..............127
UNIT 8 – Ports of Russia……………………………………………............130
UNIT 9 – Ports of the world……………………………………...................135
UNIT 10 – Kobe earthquake – assessing the damage……………….............142
KEYS……………………………………………………………...................147
REFERENCES………………………………………….................................151
Позиция №
в плане издания
учебной литературы
МГУ на 2009 г.
Субботина Галина Николаевна,
доцент кафедры английской филологии
Субботин Михаил Владиславович,
капитан дальнего плавания
PORT CARGO HANDLING MACHINERY
Учебное пособие
________________________________________________________________________________
9,6 уч.-изд. л. Формат 60 × 84/16
Тираж 100 экз. Заказ №_________
Отпечатано в типографии ИПК МГУ имени адмирала Г. И. Невельского
690059, г. Владивосток, ул. Верхнепортовая, 50а
Дата добавления: 2015-11-14; просмотров: 48 | Нарушение авторских прав
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