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1. The law reflected this traditional view _________ husbands the legal right to make decisions such as where the family would live, how money_____________, and other important matters.
2. If the husband fails _________ such essentials, the wife can purchase the necessary items and make her husband pay for them. At the same time, the wife ________ duty to pay her husband s bills.
3. Any money or property a woman ___________ marriage or acquired during marriage became the property of her husband.
4. Husbands and wives __________ to each other or place bank accounts, real estate, automobiles, or other property in both names. When they do this, the property __________ of both spouses.
5. In a community property state, the wife owns half of everything the couple acquires during the marriage, including the_________________.
6. In general, however, a woman cannot obligate her husband to pay forbought without his knowledge.
7. In community property states, all propertyduring the marriage belongs equally to the husband and wife.
a. may make gifts;
b. to provide;
c. by giving;
d. income of her husband;
e. has no legal;
f. would be spent;
g. is the joint property;
h. owned before.
i. luxury items;
j. acquired.
Ex. 4. Answer the question:
1. Why did the husband’s position in the family change?
2. Do some states require both spouses to pay for necessary family items?
3. Has a wife a legal right to pay bills for her husband?
4. Can a wife and husband buy some things in both names?
5. Does the wife owe to work?
6. Did the Dryan owe pay money for the groceries, clothes and VCR?
7. What obligations should you observe to be a good husband or wife?
Ex. 5. True or false:
1. Following the modern economic trend a husband is the head of the family.
2. A wife can’t make her husband pay for necessary family items.
3. A wife can pay for luxury items without her husband’s knowledge.
4. The wife has no property rights.
5. In a community property state, the wife owns half of everything the couple acquires during the marriage, including the income of her husband.
6. Community propertysystems are usually derived from French and Spanish law.
Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Закон отражал традиционные представления о семье, давая мужьям юридическое право принимать решения типа таких как - где семья будет жить, как будут потрачены деньги, и другие важные дела.
2. В настоящие время мужья и жены теперь обязаны поддерживать друг друга в соответствии с их соответствующими потребностями и способностями.
3. Мужья и жены могут сделать подарки друг другу или поместить счета в банке, недвижимое имущество, или другую собственность, когда они сделают это, собственность приобретает статус объединенной собственности обоих супругов.
4. Если брак расторгается вследствие смерти или развода, каждый супруг имеет право на половину всей собственности, приобретенной в течение брака.
5. Некоторые суды требуют, чтобы муж поддерживал семью в соответствии с его экономическими возможностями, но это не означает, что женщина вправе обязать мужа платить за роскошные дорогие приобретения, купленные без его согласия.
6. Сегодня, любая собственность, принадлежащая любому из супругов перед браком, остается собственностью этого человека в течение брака.
Tests
Unit 1-3
1. Other critics of the emphasis on rights in America ________ that "because you have a legal right to do (or not to do) something does not mean it is the right thing to do
a) Tell
b) Point out
c) Watch
d) Pointing
2. For example, if people wish to be tried by juries of their peers, they must be willing to serve ____ such juries.
a) on;
b) to;
c) at;
d) into.
3. First Amendment guarantee __________ of sometimes gives people the right to say hateful and abusive things to others.
a) Freedom of living
b) Freedom of life
c) Freedom of violence
d) Freedom of speech
4. Which document is staying above all laws and is the main law in US?
a) Constitution
b) First Amendment
c) Local Bill of rights
5. It is a person who tries to convince a lawmaker to vote for or against a particular issue.
a) Lobbyist
b) Politician
c) President
d) Member of Congress
6. Professional lobbyists are ________ by businesses and organizations to influence federal, state, and local legislators
a) trying
b) bribed
c) working for
d) hired
7. As a private citizen, you can lobby elected officials _________ issues you care about
a) in
b) into
c) with
d) on
8. Professional lobbyists often have an advantage over citizen lobbyists because they have more ____________ and they know legislators and their staffs personally
a) People behind them
b) Respect behind them
c) More responsibilities
d) Money behind them
9. Itis a way to influence the lawmaking process by convincing lawmakers to vote as you want them to.
a) Lobbying
b) Bribing
c) Black mailing
Unit 4-6
1. In a criminal trial, the government (state or federal) __________ the case and serves as the prosecutor
a) Vote for
b) Give
c) Make
d) Initiates
2. _____ cases involving minor errors of law, the trial court decision will not be reversed.
a) On
b) With
c) About
d) In
3. Once a trial court has _________, the losing party may be able to appeal the decision to an appellate, or appeals, court
a) Discussed
b) Closed case
c) Made a decision
4. In ___________, both parties to a dispute agree to have another person listen to their arguments and make a decision for them
a) Negotiating
b) Mediation
c) Trial court
d) Arbitration
5. How many parts are presented in arbitration?
a) 2,
b) 4,
c) 1,
d) 3
6. It is the process by which people involved in a dispute talk to each other about their problem and try to reach a solution acceptable to all?
a) Negotiation
b) Arbitration
c) Mediation
d) Criminal case
7. Agreements between labor unions and employers ________ arbitration clauses
a) Watch
b) Want to
c) Start
d) Include
8. It takes place when a third person helps the disputing parties talk ______ their problem and settle their differences.
a) On
b) With
c) Around
d) About
9. The judge presides over the trial and has the ________ of those involved.
a) Right to decline willing being trial by jury
b) Responsibility for decision
c) Duty of protecting the rights
10.In addition, each attorney is allowed a limited number of _________.
a) Proposed bills
b) Closed cases
c) Members of jury
d) Peremptory challenges
Unit 7-9
1. It can also be ______ as behavior for which the state has set a penalty.
a) Be present
b) Be known
c) Be together
d) Defined
2. Decisions as to what constitutes a crime are made ____ legislatures, which try to protect the public based on what most people believe is right and necessary for the orderly conduct of our society.
a) To
b) For
c) In
d) By
3. It may be the professional criminal who profits from organized gambling, extortion, or narcotics traffic, or the politician who ___________.
a) Starts election company
b) Begins negotiating with another politician
c) Want to escalate the situation to get a profit
d) Takes a bribe
4. Almost all crimes require an act and an __________.
a) Intent
b) Violence
c) Reason
d) Position of crime
5. Does the crime include this element?
a) Motive
b) Willing
c) Responsibility
6. It is the killing of one human being by another.
a) Homicide
b) Suicide
c) Rapping
d) Black mail
7. Malice __________ having the intent to kill or seriously harm
a) Known as
b) Want to
c) Present by
d) Means
8. Any homicide done __________ malice was considered to be murder and was punishable by death.
9.
a) On
b) To
c) Around
d) With
10.To reduce the punishment for less grievous homicides, most states now have statutes that classify murder according to the killer's ____________ or the circumstances surrounding the crime.
a) Position
b) Motive
c) Intent
d) State of mind
11. __________ is a killing that is premeditated (thought about beforehand), deliberate, and done with malice (that is, with intent to kill).
a) Manslaughter
b) Drunk-murder
c) Raping
d) First-degree murder
Unit 10-12
1. In most states, it is a crime to _________ any building or structure, even if the person who burns the structure owns it.
a) Carry out
b) Buy
c) Hold
d) Burn
2. Vandalism causes millions of dollars ______ damage each year.
a) On
b) With
c) To
d) In
3. Depending on ___________, vandalism can be either a felony or a misdemeanor.
a) Sides taken a part in action
b) Crucial results
c) View of people seen facts of destroying
d) The extent of the damage
4. Grand ___________ involves the theft of anything above a certain value (often $100 or more) and is a felony
a) Black mail
b) Murder
c) Burglary
d) Larceny
5. How much money should be theft by someone to find him guilty in petty larseny?
a) 100
b) 200
c) 500
d) 1200
6. It is the crime of taking items from a store without paying or intending to pay for them.
a) Shoplifting
b) Burglary
c) Robbery
d) Embedment
7. For example, the bank teller who takes money from the cash drawer or the stockbroker who takes money that should have been __________ is both guilty of embezzlement.
a) Stolen
b) Gave
c) Cut in peaces
d) Invested
8. Hackers, sometimes high-school or college-age persons, intentionally try to break _______ computer systems.
a) On
b) In
c) To
d) Into
9. A mugger who _______ you _____ and takes your wallet by force is guilty of the crime of robbery.
a) Made a mistake
b) Tell lie
c) Make hurt
d) Knocks down
10. Modern laws have broadened the definition to include the ____________ into any structure with the intent to commit a crime, regardless of the time of day.
a) Drunk-riding
b) Burglary
c) Murder
d) Unauthorized entry
Unit 13-15
1. The Constitution ___________ only the person making the communication but also the person receiving it.
a) Give rights
b) Protect
c) Decline
d) Protects not
2. Russell and Laura Jones and their five children were an African-American family who had just moved _______ a white St. Paul neighborhood.
a) Onto
b) On
c) In
d) Into
3. A couple must meet ________________
a) Parents agreement which allow them to get married
b) Men who is in charge for wedding ceremony
c) Church representative
d) Сertain age requirements.
4. An / A_____________ means that a man and a woman were never husband and wife
a) Marriage contract
b) Wedding stamp
c) Annulment
d) Divorce
5. What ages can people get married in US?
a) 18,
b) 21,
c) 190,
d) 19,
6. Necessities are……?
a) Luxury things
b) Cars and Houses
c) Things for children
d) Food, clothing, shelter, medical care and so on
7. Many states require both spouses to __________ for necessary family items either of them purchases.
a) Reject
b) Hate
c) Be crazy
d) Pay
8. These acts gave married women the right_________ own and control their own property.
a) For
b) With
c) In
d) To
9. Under this _____________system, whoever earns it, pays for it, is given it, or has title to it is considered to own it.
a) Common property
b) Family property
c) Own property
d) Separate property
10.In _____________ states, all property acquired during the marriage belongs equally to the husband and wife.
a) Separate property
b) Family property
c) All
d) Community property
Glossary
Ability – skill, expertness, or talent.
Abusing - offence, a crime consisting in conscious, illegal and mercenary use of the opportunities and the rights in harm by another.
Accident - an unfortunate event resulting especially from carelessness or ignorance.
Adventure - the enterprise operation begun without taking into account real opportunities of execution and doomed to a failure.
Alert (to alert a document) to make different in details but not in substance; modify.
Alibi - the proof of innocence; impossibility of fulfillment accused crimes by virtue of its finding during the moment of fulfillment of a crime in other place.
Annulment - invalidation, as of a marriage, by the decree of a court.
Appellate court is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal. In most jurisdictions, the court system is divided into at least three levels: the trial court, which initially hears cases and reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the case; at least one intermediate appellate court; and a supreme court or court of last resort which primarily reviews the decisions of the intermediate courts. A supreme court is therefore itself a kind of appellate court.
Arson -the willful or malicious burning of property (as a building) especially with criminal or fraudulent intent.
Assault – a violent physical or verbal attack
Attorney-General - is the main legal advisor to the government, and in some jurisdictions may in addition have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions.
Ban - (to ban a book), to prohibit, as by official order, from doing, using, appearing, happening.
Battery - an offensive touching or use of force on a person without the person's consent.
Beverage -a drinkable liquid.
Bigamy -the act of marrying a second time while a previous marriage is still legally in effect: when done knowingly, it is a criminal offense.
Bulletin board - (pin board or notice board in British English) is a place where people can leave public messages, for example, to advertise things to buy or sell, announce events, or provide information.
Burglary -the act of breaking and entering a dwelling at night to commit a felony (as theft).
Circumstance - a condition, fact, or event accompanying, conditioning, or determining another.
Civil – law relating to the private rights of individuals and to legal actions involving these: distinguished from criminal, political.
Common law - legal systems, the law is created and/or refined by judges: a decision in the case currently pending depends on decisions in previous cases and affects the law to be applied in future cases.
Computer crime - (cyber crime, e-crime, hi-tech crime or electronic crime) generally refers to criminal activity where a computer or network is the source, tool, target, or place of a crime. These categories are not exclusive and many activities can be characterized as falling in one or more category.
Computer virus - is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. However, the term "virus" is commonly used, albeit erroneously, to refer to many different types of malware programs. The original virus may modify the copies, or the copies may modify themselves, as occurs in a metamorphic virus.
Concealment - keeping smth. from another's knowledge Syn. hiding, covering, camouflage, secretion.
Concern - to relate to; to be about.
Concurring opinion -is a written opinion by some of the judges of a court which agrees with the majority of the court but might arrive there in a different manner. In a concurring opinion, the author agrees with the decision of the court but normally states reasons different from those in the court opinion as the basis for his or her decision.
Conflict - development of a disputed situation into the open collision; struggle for values and claims for the certain status in which the purposes are neutralization, drawing of damage or destruction of the contender.
Congress - is the name of the main legislative body in a state that operates under a congressional system of government.
Consent -1) to agree (to do something), 2) to willingly engage in a sexual act: often in the phrase consenting adult, 3) to give permission, approval, or assent (to something proposed or requested) in opinion.
Constitution 1) the system of fundamental laws and principles of a government, state, society, corporation, etc., written or unwritten. 2) a document or set of documents in which these laws and principles are written down.
Criminal Homicide Murder- a killing that is done with malice.
Debate - 1) discussion or consideration of opposing reasons; argument about or deliberation on a question, 2) formal contest of skill in reasoned argument, with two teams taking opposite sides of a specified question SYN.- DISCUSS.
Deem - to come to think or judge.
Defamation. a defaming or being defamed; detraction, slander, or libel Syn. slander, libel, calumny, vilification.
Defendant is any party who is required to answer the complaint of a plaintiff or pursuer in a civil lawsuit before a court, or any party who has been formally charged or accused of violating a criminal statute.
Democracy. government in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives; rule by the ruled
Dispute -to engage in argument
Divorce is alegal and formal dissolution of a marriage.
Dissenting opinion is an opinion of one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion. By definition, a dissent is the minority of the court.
Emphasis - force or intensity of expression that gives impressiveness or importance to something.
Equal Rights Amendment a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution stating that civil rights may not be denied to a resident of the U.S. on account of sex.
Equality is the condition of being equal, esp. of having the same political, social, and economic rights.
Essentials are something necessary or fundamental; indispensable, inherent, or basic feature or principle.
Extend -to spread or stretch forth.
Fair – honest and according to the rules. (For example: fair verdict).
Fear - the assumption of an opportunity of danger, fear before something, fear something.
Felony murder is a killing that takes place during the commission of certain felonies.
Felony a major crime, as murder, arson, or rape, for which statute usually provides a greater punishment than for a misdemeanor: the usual minimum penalty is imprisonment for one year.
First-degree murder is a killing that is premeditated deliberate, and done with malice.
Fraud (deceit; trickery; cheating) Intentional deception to cause a person to give up property or some lawful right.
Govern - to control and direct the making and administration of policy.
Grassroots democracy - is a tendency towards designing political processes where as much decision-making authority as practical is shifted to the organization's lowest geographic level of organization.
Hacker is someone involved in computer security/insecurity, specializing in the discovery of exploits in systems (for exploitation or prevention), or in obtaining or preventing unauthorized access to systems through skills, tactics and detailed knowledge. In the most common general form of this usage, "hacker" refers to a black-hat hacker (a malicious or criminal hacker).
Harm -physical or mental damage.
Harsh - causing a disagreeable or painful sensory reaction.
Homicide - a killing of one human being by another.
Impartial – without prejudice or bias. (for example impartial verdict).
Impose (to impose penalties) to place or set (a burden, tax, fine, etc. on or upon) as by authority Sin. force upon, inflict, foist, exact.
Imprisonment is the kind of criminal punishment consisting compulsory isolation of the criminal from a society.
In a state of intoxication – means to be deprived the sensible, practical, real approach or the attitude to something.
Incest -sexual intercourse between persons too closely related to marry legally.
Incident - the Misunderstanding, unpleasant incident, collision.
Injury - an act that damages or hurts.
Intimidation Sin. bullying, browbeating, coercion, threatening, cowing, daunting, frightening, terrorizing, demoralizing, awing.
Intimidation- to make timid or fearful: frighten; especially: to compel or deter by or as if by threats tried to intimidate a witness.
Jury – group of people in law court who decide whether the accused person is guilty or not guilty.
Justice - the establishment or determination of rights according to the rules of law or equity.
Larceny -the unlawful taking of personal property with intent to deprive the rightful owner of it permanently.
Law -a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority.
Legislature - is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to create, amend and ratify laws.
Liberty 1. Freedom or release from slavery, imprisonment, captivity, or any other form of arbitrary control. 2. The sum of rights and exemptions possessed in common by the people of a community, state.
License – a formal permission to do something; esp. authorization by law to do some specified thing [license to marry, practice medicine, hunt, etc.].
Make void (to void any law) Law: of no legal force; not binding; invalid; null.
Malice - the desire to see another experience pain, injury, or distress.
Malicious (malicious mischief) the willful destruction of another's property.
Misdemeanor any minor offense, as the breaking of a municipal ordinance, for which statute provides a lesser punishment than for a felony: the penalty is usually a fine or imprisonment for a short time (usually less than one year) in a local jail, workhouse.
Motive -something (as a need or desire) that causes a person to act.
Narcotism (from Greek nark - catalepsy, mania - madness, passion) - the disease expressed in physical and-or mental dependence of the consumer from drugs, gradually leading destruction of its organism.
National Rifle Association, or NRA - is a non-profit group for the promotion of firearm ownership rights, marksmanship, firearm safety, and the protection of hunting and self-defense in the United States, established in New York in 1871 as the American Rifle Association.
Necessity -the power of natural law that cannot be other than it is; natural causation; physical compulsion placed on man by nature; fate.
Neglect - to pass over without giving due attention.
Negligence - a failure to exercise a reasonable or ordinary amount of care in a situation that causes harm to someone.
Negligent homicide is the causing of death through criminal negligence.
Obscenity - a swear-word (Sin. salacity, vulgarity, scurrility).
Offense -something that outrages the moral or physical senses.
Penalty – 1) is a punishment fixed by law, as for a crime or breach of contract (Sin. fine, sentence, discipline); 2) the monetary collecting imposed in the form of punishment
Plaintiff, also known as a claimant or complainant, is the party who initiates a lawsuit (also known as an action) before a court.
Poverty - a condition of need, shortage of the vital means, not allowing to satisfy pressing needs of the individual or family.
Precedent or authority is a legal case establishing a principle or rule that a court or other judicial body adopts when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts.
Prejudices – unfair dislike of somebody/something.
Prosecutor – 1) somebody who trying to prove in a court of law that somebody is guilty of a crime; 2) the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries adopting the common law adversarial system or the civil law inquisitorial system.
Rape -an act or instance of robbing or despoiling or carrying away a person by force.
Ratify to approve or confirm; esp., to give official sanction to.
Relationship - the quality or state of being related, connection by blood, marriage, etc.
Responsibility -moral, legal, or mental accountability.
Restrain (to restrain other branches of government)1. to hold back from action; check; suppress; curb 2. to keep under control 3. to limit; restrict.
Right -something to which one has a just claim.
Robbery – alarceny from the person or presence of another by violence or threat.
Second-degree murder is a killing that is done with malice but without premeditation.
Settlement – (an action of reaching an) official agreement that ends an argument.
Severe - the extremely severe and rough, ruthless, heartless, ruthless.
Spouse -a partner in marriage; (one's) husband or wife.
Submit -a ) to yield to governance or authority b ) to subject to a condition, treatment, or operation
Suspected - the person detained on suspicion in fulfillment of a crime, and also the person to whom the preventive punishment before presentation of charge is applied.
Threat - an expression of intention to hurt, destroy, punish
Trial court or court of first instance is the court in which most civil or criminal cases begin.
Unconventional - not conventional; not conforming to customary, formal, or accepted practices, standards, rules.
United States Secret Service is a United States federal government law enforcement agency that is part of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The sworn members are divided among the Special Agents and the Uniformed Division.
Verdict - in criminal trial of the Russian Federation the decision of board of jurymen on guilt or innocence of the defendant.
Victim - the physical or legal person to whom penal act was direct or the material or non-material damage is indirectly caused; in a broad sense also social groups.
Violate - tobreak (a law, rule, promise, etc.); fail to keep or observe; infringe on.
Voluntary manslaughter is an intentional killing committed under circumstances that mitigate (lessen), but do not justify or excuse, the killing.
Witness - the person to whom the circumstances which are a subject an establishment on given business can be known.
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