Text A. Digital Radio

5.5 Look through (scan) the text and mark the sentences about radio teletype frequencies and the fields of its application.

Read the text and answer the questions.

1. Why are spark gap transmitters illegal?

2. Who is still using continuous wave telegraphy?

3. Where is quadrature amplitude modulation used?

4. How does COFDM work?

The oldest form of digital broadcast was spark gap telegraphy¹, used by pioneers such as Marconi. By pressing the key, the operator could send messages in Morse code by energizing a rotating commutating spark gap. Spark gap transmitters are now illegal, because their transmissions span several hundred megahertz. This is very wasteful of both radio frequencies and power.

The next advance was continuous wave telegraphy², or CW, in which a radio frequency produced by a vacuum tube electronic oscillator was switched on and off by a key. CW uses less than 100Hz of bandwidth. CW is still used, these days primarily by amateur radio operators (hams)³. Strictly, on-off keying of a carrier should be known as Interrupted Continuous Wave⁴or ICW.

Radio teletypes usually operate on short-wave (HF) and are much loved by the military because they create written information without a skilled operator. They send a bit as one of two tones. Groups of five or seven bits become a character printed by a teletype. From about 1925 to 1975, radio teletype was how most commercial messages were sent to less developed countries. They are still used by the military and weather services.

Aircraft use a 1200 Baud⁵ radio teletype service over VHF to send their ID, altitude and position, and get gate and connecting-flight data. Microwave dishes on satellites, telephone exchanges and TV stations usually use quadrature amplitude modulation⁶ (QAM). QAM sends data by changing both the phase and the amplitude of the radio signal. QAM packs the most bits into a radio signal. Usually the bits are sent in "frames⁷" that repeat. A special bit pattern is used to locate the beginning of a frame.

Systems that need reliability, or that share their frequency with other services may use corrected orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing⁸ or COFDM. COFDM breaks a digital signal into several hundred slower subchannels. The digital signal is often sent as QAM on the subchannels. Modern COFDM systems use a small computer to make and decode the signal with digital signal processing⁹ which is more flexible and far less expensive than older systems that implemented separate electronic channels. COFDM resists fading¹⁰ and ghosting because the narrow-channel QAM signals can be sent slowly. An adaptive system or one that sends error-correction codes can also resist interference, because most interference can affect only a few of the QAM channels. COFDM is used for WiFi, some cell phones and many other local area network, digital TV and radio standards. Most new radio systems are digital.

Notes (А)

¹ spark gap telegraphy - искровое телеграфирование

² continuous wave telegraphy - однополосное телеграфирование

³ Amateur radio operators(hams). The term "ham" as a nickname for amateur radio operators originated in a pejorative usage by operators in commercial and professional radio communities. The word was subsequently welcomed by amateur radio operators, and it stuck.

⁴Interrupted Continuous Wave - короткая (электромагнитная) волна; пр ерывистая незатухающая волна.

⁵ Baud (Emile Baudot) - Эмиль Бодо, создатель кода Бодо

⁶quadrature amplitude modulation - квадратурная амплитудная манипуляция

⁷ frames - блоки, группы

⁸corrected orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing - мультиплексирование на основе ортогонального разделения частот

⁹ digital signal processing - цифровая обработка сигналов (ЦОС)

¹⁰fading - затухание сигнала, фединг

5.6 Match the following words with their equivalents in Russian

bandwidth помехи

telephone exchange диапазон частот

skilled высота

interference квалифицированный

altitude прерывание

impairment искажение

interruption АТС

5.7 Match the following words with their synonyms:

frequency decrypt

advance rate

digital oppose

transmission flash

decode progress

spark numerical

resist broadcast

5.8 Guess words and match them with the definitions:

tbadoscar A flash of light made by electricity.

cdeedo The range of frequencies used to send information.

idigalt An impairment of the reception of a signal.

imonratnioi Another word for data.

arspk Information broadcast using computer technology.

feierentecn To transmit.

ndwbadthi To decrypt

5.9 Now match these words with the definitions, mark the suffixes.

useful	- giving help, serving a useful function
wasteful	- communicating without connecting wires or other material contacts
wireless	- describes something that never seems to change
useless	- innumerable, too many to be counted
tankful	- the amount that can be held by a tank
changeless	- having no meaning
countless	- having no practical use or advantage
helpful	- effective; helping you to do or achieve something
meaningless	- using more of something than you should, causing waste, destruction

Grammar

Инфинитив (Infinitive) Выступает как подлежащее, обстоятельство, дополнение, определение. Может быть смысловой частью составного сказуемого. Часто встречается в инфинитивных оборотах. Проанализируйте различные варианты перевода.

То work I must have all the necessary equipment.= Чтобы работать, я должен иметь все необходимое оборудование. То raise the yield use must be made of another catalyst= Для повышения выхода надо использовать другой катализатор. The work to be finished next week is of great interest.=Работа, которая будет закончена на будущей неделе, представляет большой интерес.(to be предполагает некоторую модальность, т.е. смысл таков, что работу, которую необходимо закончить на следующей неделе…сравните текст в сериалах “to be continued” – продолжение следует). Our task is to get good results = Наша задача заключается в том, чтобы получить хорошие результаты. То be particularly considered are the following reaction mechanisms. В особенности следует рассмотреть следующие механизмы реакций.(логическое выделение).

Герундий (Gerund) Примеры перевода: We use ink for writing. Мы употребляем чернила для письма (существительное), или: чтобы писать (глагол). After finishing the work. После того как закончил работу (глагол), или: После окончания работы, по окончании работы (существительное). I am glad at being invited. Я рад, что меня приглашают.

I did not speak of having read this book. Я не говорил о том, что (уже) читал эту книгу.

After having been discussed the report was published. После обсуждения доклад опубликовали.

5.10 Use the words in brackets in the right order and finish the sentences using infinitive to express purpose. Translate them into Russian.

Example: (this/carry out/experiment/to) you must have special training. - To carry out this experiment you must have special training.

1. Scientists from different countries have to work together (solve/to/these/in order/ problems).

2. (finish/the/to/work) they had to invite American experts.

3. People use special apparatus (to/very/hear/high-frequency sounds/in order).

4. A special bit pattern is used (the beginning/locate/of a frame/to).

5. We'll consider a very simple example (explain/in/this/to/phenomenon/order).

6. The engineers did their best so as not (the/so as not/transmission/interrupt/to).

5.11 Use the verb in brackets as a gerund and put the right preposition by (4), on, without or in. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Example: By pressing (press) the key, the operator can send messages in Morse code.

1. (move) through a vacuum these electrons form an electric current.

2. QAM sends data (change) both the phase and the amplitude of the radio signal.

3. A spark is made (rub) two hard things together.

4. (add) heat we can change the state of a substance.

5. (achieve) these results they stopped their research.

6. (transmit) error-correction codes an adaptive system can resist interference

7. They managed to make an experiment (increase) the power of the circuit.

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