Passive operations of banks

Passive operations of banks - banking on attracting financial resources necessary to carry out credit and other active transactions.

The passive operations of the bank include:

raising funds for settlement and current accounts of legal entities and individuals;

immediate opening of accounts of citizens, enterprises and organizations;

issue of securities;

loans from other banks and others.

Resources consist of bank debt and equity.

By its own resources shall include: equity, capital reserves, retained earnings.

Bank's own capital - the basis of increasing the volume of its active operations.

Equity (or share capital of the bank) - formed by the unit of assessment (Mutual Bank) or funds received as payment for shares (stock pot). Banks issue shares are widely used as a way to attract funds. Commercial banks are emitted as ordinary shares and preference shares.

A capital reserve or reserve fund of banks formed by annual contributions from revenue, the size of which is established the shareholders meeting. This capital is intended to cover unexpected losses, losses from the decline of the securities. Its minimum dimensions are regulated under the banking law.

Retained earnings - this is left over after paying dividends and payments to the reserve fund (capital) of the profits. Its increase due to the accumulation of profit by investing revenues in certain types of bank assets (loans and investments).

Borrowed or raised funds occupy a predominant place in the structure of banking resources. In the world of banking practice, all funds raised by way of their accumulation is divided by deposits and other borrowed funds.

The main part of funds are deposits of commercial banks. Deposit operations of banks in international banking practice are the main types of passive operations. Indeed they reveal the content of a commercial bank as an intermediary in the acquisition of resources in a free market of credit resources.

- A deposit or cash, securities (stocks, bonds) that are placed on deposit in banks and to be returned to the person who has made upon the occurrence of specified conditions earlier.

In international banking practice the following classification of deposits:

- demand deposits;

- time deposits;

- savings deposits of the population;

- investments in securities.

Demand deposits - deposits that are not time-bound with a return that is perpetual, returning at short notice.

Term deposits - it's moneys in bank accounts over a period established when they are opened.

Savings deposits - deposits that individuals with an extract passbook to the depositor. Savings deposits have no fixed term and interest rate on them floating.

For deposits in the securities are - certificates of deposit, bank notes, currency notes.

Active operations - operations that, according to which banks are placed means at their disposal the resources to generate income and maintain liquidity.

On the economic content of the assets of commercial banks are divided into:

- lending (accounting and loan);

- estimates;

- cash;

- investment and stock;

- the commission.

Loan operations - operations to provide (grant) funds to the borrower on terms of maturity, repayment and interest payment.

Lending operations related to the purchase (view) bills or taking notes as collateral, are accounts (accounting and loan operations).

This operation refers to the critical area of ​​banking, in particular active operations. Thanks to her banks are credit institutions.

Providing loans to their customers, banks act as financial intermediaries, taking money from investors and giving their borrowers. From the operation or activities of the bank benefit all members of credit relations (depositors, borrowers and the bank). Everyone meets their needs.

Transactions - Transactions by transfer and withdraw funds from customer accounts. Commercial banks make calculations based on rules, forms and standards set by central banks. In carrying out international settlements - in the manner established by federal laws and regulations adopted in international banking practice.

Cash transactions- Transactions on reception and issue of cash.

Investment and fund - a transaction in securities.

Commissions, or they are called non-conventional operations, they include:

- leasing operations;

- factoring;

- trust operations.

Under the lease is understood leasing of durable goods (houses, cars, airplanes, computers and so on).

In a leasing transaction involves three parties, the relations which are issued by the contract, the first subject - a property owner (lessor), the second - the user property (lessee), the third - the seller of the property (the supplier).

Their relationships are constructed as follows: the future lessee refers to the lessor having the necessary means, asking about his involvement in the deal, which means it must buy the necessary equipment to the lessee at the supplier (seller of the property) and then passing it to the lessee in the lease under the terms of payment. Commercial banks in the transaction involved as owners of the property, that is, they get the property into the ownership and transfer to the lessee, thus giving it a financial service.

The following types of leasing:

renting - Non-Guaranteed rental of profitable assets - machinery, equipment, buildings and facilities for a short time;

hayring - a form of export credits without transfer of ownership of the goods to a lessee who provided the medium term;

leasing - renting for use on long term profitable assets with a possible subsequent purchase of the leased property the tenant.

Factoring - Assignment of client unpaid debt claims (invoices and bills of exchange) occurring before the supplier for goods and services, a factoring company or a bank with all the consequences (risks).

Factoring in the sense that banks are buying at their customer billing documents (of receivables) to give a percentage for the service. Such a transaction is made by the contract, in which state the amount of debt and bought a certain percentage. This percentage indicates how much of the receivables will be given to the managing body of the bank to pay for the service.

Factoring is widely implemented in Western Europe and America. As a rule, they do specific factoring companies.

The operation of factoring three participants: a factor, the original lender (client agent) and the debtor receives from a client goods on credit. In other words, participants in this operation are the supplier, the factoring company and the buyer. Supplier sells their claims factoring company or bank involved in factoring transactions, paying, as a rule, just 80% of suppliers' invoices less commission payments for services rendered. The remainder of the cost will be paid after making payments to the debtor.

Commercial banks take over the functions of a trustee and perform in this role, a variety of operations for its individual and corporate clients. "Trust" means "trust."

The owner of capital (natural or legal persons), who is also the creator of the trust, trust their capital to another person (trustee) to dispose of its interests, that is a trust business transactions involve banks or financial institutions, asset management and capital, as well as implementation of other services behalf and in behalf of the client on the rights of his attorney. The deal between the creator of the trust and the trustee is called the (trust) agreement. At the same agent (bank) acquires the rights and acts as executor of the estate funds and securities. The Trustee shall dispose of them in favor of the beneficiary, who can be the trustee of the property or a third party.

Commercial banks deal with the trust in order to obtain additional income, gain control over corporations, firms and their money and links with a large clientele.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14