The role and importance of commercial banks in the credit and financial system

The banking system today - one of the most important and indispensable structures of a market economy. Development banks and commodity production and circulation and historically paralleled closely intertwined. The banks, acting as intermediaries in the distribution of capital, greatly enhancing overall efficiency.

Commercial banks are a special category of businesses, known as financial intermediaries. They attract capital, savings and other funds that are released in the course of economic activity and provide them temporary use of other economic agents, which need additional capital. Banks create the new requirements and obligations that have become a commodity in the money market. So, taking customers' deposits, commercial bank creates a new obligation - a deposit, and giving a loan - a new requirement to the borrower. This process of creating new commitments is the essence of financial intermediation. This transformation allows to overcome the difficulty of direct contact savers and borrowers, which arises from a mismatch in the proposed and the amounts required, the timing, yield, etc.

The scope of financial intermediation in the modern economy are enormous. Gives an idea of ​​this flow of funds statistics. In this accounting system is divided into a number of industry sectors: households, businesses, government agencies, financial institutions, foreign sector.

In developed economies the household sector is usually the supplier of capital to other sectors. Sector business firms under normal economic conditions suffers from a lack of funds. The public sector is usually deficient, and therefore the state acts as the borrower on the loan capital market. The foreign sector may have a deficit or excess funds depending on the balance of payments current account surplus and capital flows across countries.

Commercial banks - are multifunctional institutions operating in various sectors of the capital market. Large commercial banks offer their customers a full range of financial services, which includes loans, deposits, payments and so on. This is different from the specialized financial institutions that have limited functions. Commercial banks have traditionally played the role of base-level credit system.

Bank - concept is ancient and its display has been connected with occurrence of thought on exchange of money, about granting of money on credit, about centralization of another's money in the hands. The word literal translation "banko" means a word "bench" where operations with money were made.

Commercial banks - the main link of the credit system. They perform almost all kinds of banking operations. Commercial bank - it's non-governmental credit institution which specializing in the reception of deposits, short-term lending and settlement service customers, also deals with the brokering of exercising universal banking for businesses of all industries mainly through cash savings and capital raised in the form of deposits. Commercial banks have calculated and payment operations, issuing, securities, make loans and guarantees, etc. Commercial banks in the form of ownership are divided into private (individual and joint-stock) and the state. In modern conditions for commercial banks has significantly expanded reception time and savings deposits, medium-and long-term loans, create a system lending to households (consumer credit).

The banking system in the RK and the principles of organization of commercial banks.

Lower component of credit system consists of a network of independent agencies directly serving the national economy and providing a broad range of financial services on commercial basis. This is a commercial, cooperative and private banks, combined with banks legislation with the general heading of commercial banks.

The term "commercial bank" has emerged in the early stages of development banking, where banks catered mainly trade barter transactions and payments. The main clientele were traders (Hence the term "commercial bank"). But with the development of industry and other branches of banks were to serve other sectors of the economy and gradually.

The term "commercial" in the name of the bank has lost its original meaning. It stands for "business" nature of the bank, its focus on maintenance of all activities of economic agents, regardless of their activities. As in all post-Soviet states of Kazakhstan two-tier banking system, which is based on building relationships between banks in two directions: vertical and horizontally. Vertically - a relationship of subordination between the central bank (National Bank) as the governing, managing and lower levels - commercial and specialized banks. Horizontal - the relationship equal partnership between the various banks.

The process of becoming the republic's banking system consists of three stages:

1. In the first phase (1988-1991:.) Have been reorganized state branch banks, created the institutional framework of banking, the first commercial banks;

2. This stage (end of 1992 until 1993 he worked.) Characterized by extensive growth banking system in terms of inflation. This period was accompanied bym negative value of real interest rates and rapid rate of the ruble. This paved the way for the formation of numerous bank-by-night, profiting from short-term speculative transactions. It was promoted and relatively easy access to obtain licenses for banking operations and the small size the statutory fund. As a result, the role of the banking sector in reproduction process degraded. The main features of the second phase were: a gradual transition of the National Bank to act as an central bank, an extensive formation and development of commercial the banks.

3. The third phase of the banking system, which began in 1994. And continuing at the present time, is characterized by adaptation of the banking systems to the changing conditions of the evolving stabilization processes in the financial sector first, and then in economy as a whole.

At the present stage of development of the banking system is characterized by

the following trends:

- Consolidation of the banking capital, increase the capitalization of banks

the second level;

- An increase of quantitative indicators of commercial banks;

- Reducing the number of financially weak banks;

- Reducing the share of foreign capital in the banking sector, as well as

reduction of state shares in the banking capital;

- The approach of banks to the international standards activities.

Commercial Bank is a member of the banking system. This means that it should:

1) have such generic properties that allow it to be an integral part of the whole (to have the status of the bank, licensed to banking operations), to operate on the general rules of the game;

2) operate within the general and specific laws and legal norms society;

3) be capable of self-regulation (response and adaptation to Environment), the development and improvement;

4) interact with other elements of the banking system.

Kazakhstan inherited from the former Soviet Union monopolized banking system.

The former specialized banks (Turanbank, Kredsotsbank, Agroprombank,

Alembank,Narodnyi Bank) have a wide network of offices throughout the

Republic, the newly emerging commercial banks have also set up their branches

(Eg, Kazkommertsbank, CenterCredit, Temirbank and others).

All commercial banks established in Kazakhstan in recent years, branchless, then there are all kinds of banking operations are concentrated in one

the bank. The above banks have a complex hierarchical structure. They have

head office is located in Almaty, her subordinate regional management, and the last - in the office areas.

The biggest concern in their misunderstanding of the causes substantive purposes of the tasks of a commercial bank, which is expressed in the absence of clearly defined and clearly marked with the development strategy. Calculation placed on short term profits, which requires income immediately and at any cost, often at the expense of their clients.

The presence of complex thinking in the former monopolized state banks, on the one hand, and the predominance of purely commercial banks are often alien to the functions and operations of the newly formed by commercial banks, on the other hand, gives reason to argue thereby emasculated the essence of the bank as a vital link in the chain interrelated economic institutions.

We need a new look at the commercial banks. As the phenomenon period of transition from state-administered economy to a market relationships they need to get sober assessment, both inside and outside.

Commercial bank as a living organism with its laws and features must conform to the understanding of its purpose, its being and socio-economic functions.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14