Elements of a Contract

9. 'To force' or 'to enforce'?

a) Sometimes the meanings of these verbs overlap; for example, 'It is unlikely that a record company would enforce/force its views on an established artist'. But in legal English they are usually distinguished. Study the synonyms for each verb and work out the difference in meaning. Then complete the gaps in the exercise and say which synonym from the list could be used instead.

To force – make, compel, drive, coerce/ pressurise sb into doing smth, put pressure on someone.

To enforce – apply, implement, uphold smth.

1. If you don't comply I'm afraid we'll have to_______________ you.

2. Governments make laws and the police________________ them.

3. She claimed she was_______________ to take part in the robbery by her husband.

4. Women's organisations are trying to________________ the government to appoint more

women to senior positions.

5. If the seller breaches the contract at this stage, the buyer can have his property rights_______________ in court.

6. Parking restrictions will be strictly_______________.

7. It is obvious that where one party is_______________ to consent by threats or undue

persuasion by the other, that consent should be invalid.

8. He tried to keep the dispute out of court by________________ an arbitration agreement

in the franchise contract.

b) Make (or write out of an English-English dictionary) six sentences set in a legal context, illustrating the correct use of these verbs.

10. 'Offeror - offeree'

a) Match the names of parties to a contract in the box to their definitions below and write the names in the spaces provided. The first one has been done for you. Translate the terms into your

own language.

vendor * lessee / tenant * customer * purchaser * mortgagee * owner employee * consumer * hirer / renter * contractor client * retailer * supplier * employer * mortgagor * lessor  

1 ) vendor___ a person who sells things, esp. on the street; 2) smb who sells a house or

land (legal English)

2)__________ a person who sells goods directly to the customer

3)__________ a person who provides goods or equipment

4)__________ a person who owns something

5)__________ a person who conveys property by lease

6)__________ a person to whom property is mortgaged (the lender, usually a bank)

7)__________ a person who contracts to perform work or services

8)__________ a person or company that people work for

9)__________ a person who buys things or uses services

10)__________ a person who buys smth, esp. from a shop

11)__________ a person who buys things (formal)

12)__________ a person who mortgages property (the borrower)

13)__________ a person who is paid to work for a person or company

14)_________ a person who receives advice or a service from a professional person

or organization in return for payment

15)_________ a person who pays money to be allowed to use smth for a period of time

16)_________ a person who holds property under a lease

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