Present Perfect

FORM

have / has +V –inf

+	-	?
I (we, you, they) have gone to Paris. He (she, it) has gone to Paris.	I (we, you, they) haven’t gone to Paris. He (she, it) hasn’t gone to Paris.	Have I (we, you, they) gone to Paris? Has he (she, it) gone to Paris?

USE

To talk about:

a) recently completed actions (having present result): I’ ve prepared for the test. (I’m ready to take the test.);

b) things that started in the past and continue up till now (unfinished past): He has worked as a manager since 1998. (He is still working as a manager.);

c) past actions connected with present: He has made a lot of money. (Now he can start his own business.).

Time expressions: just, ever, never, already, yet, how long, fore, since, recently, once, so far, this week, today, all my life.

Note: this morning, this afternoon (if the time period has not finished.)

I’ve written five letters this morning. (It is still morning).

PRESENT PERFECT VS PAST SIMPLE

The Present Perfect is often confused with Past Simple

Compare: I bought a computer last year. (In the past.)

I’ ve bought a computer. (Now I can surf the Internet).

Bear in mind!

Past Simple	Present Perfect
The action finished in the past and it is not connected with the present. He lived in Donetsk for 5 years. (He does not live in Donetsk any more). The action finished at a definite time in the past. I was in the United States 1990. (We know exactly when it happened.)	The action is connected with the present. He has lived in Donetsk for 5 years. (He still lives in Donetsk). We are not interested when the event happened. I’ve been in the United States. (I was there in the past, and it doesn’t matter when.)

Module 5

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORM

have / has + been +V –inf

+	-	?
I (we, you, they) have been l earning English for years. He (she, it) has been l earning English for years.	I (we, you, they) haven’t been learning English for years. He (she, it) hasn’t been l earning English for years.	Have I (we, you, they) been learning English for years. Has he (she, it) been l earning English for years.

USE

To talk about:

a) repeated or continuous activity which started in the past and hasn’t finishedyet: These customers have been purchasing our machines for over a decade.

b) an action of certain duration having visible results or effect in the present: I have been walking in the rain. (I’m wet)

Time expressions: for, since, how long.

Note1: no -ing before number or expressing of quantity: I have visited our clients twice this week. Not: I have been visiting our clients twice this week. I have written 15 pages today. Not: I have been writing 15 pages today.

Note2: no differences in meaning with verbs live, feel, work: either I ’ve been living in Los Angeles for a year; or I ’ve lived in Los Angeles for a year.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14