Vocabulary focus

UNIT I

PEOPLE AS THEY ARE

Starting - Up

We come to this world just like guests for shorter or longer visits. And while our life travel lasts from the station 'Birth' to the station 'Death' we try to learn and understand a great many things. What are we in this world? What for do we live here? What makes our life worth living? What is it to be happy?

Generations come and go, but the same questions rise again and again. What is good and evil? What is mortal and immortal in human life? What is the value of money, power, fame, mind and spirit? Is there anything or anyone that determines our lives? What is within our power and what is entirely in the hands of our Lord?

A Discuss in class with your partners.

1 What is the message John Heywood. an English poet of the XV1 century, sent to his readers in the lines below. Say what you think about it.

The loss of wealth is loss of dirt, As sages in all times assert; The happy man's without a shirt.

2 ('отment on the wish Jonathan Swift expressed in the following lines.

I've often wished that I had clear. For life, six hundred pounds a year, A handsome house to lodge a friend, A river at my garden's end.

3 What do you think of the advice given in the lines below'.' Explain the ideas expressed in them.

Live for those who love you. For those who know von true.

For the cause that lacks assistance. For the bad that needs resistance, For the Future in the distance. And the good that you can do!

4 Do von know any other poetic citations, maxims, proverbs, sayings which express certain truths resulting from age-old experience, wisdom and common sense?

e.g. Life is not a bed of roses.

While there is life there is hope.

Fie is the richest who has fewest wants.

Time wasted is existence, used is life. (Ed. Young)

VOCABULARY FOCUS

1 The first thing that catches your eye when you meet a new person (a stranger) is his/her appearance.

A How many words do you know for describing what people look like.' Write down as many words as you can under the following headings. You may use the words in the box below.

age	height	build	hair	face	skin
young	short	stocky	curly	round	pale
complexion distinguishing features	general appearance
fair	a scar	good-looking

thick	wavy	muscular	slender	dyed
lair	red	athletic	grey	charming
auburn	tat	elegant	mole	under 30
brown	stout	attractive	dimple	in her teens
plump	slim	plain	beard	well over 50
heavy	obese	bald	freckle	wrinkle
youthful	adult	swarthy	elderly	skinny

H Make up 6 sentences with hyphenated adjectives of the type 'red hair - red-haired' with the second part -skinned, -eyed, nosed, faced, cheeked, legged, etc.

e.g. Christine, tall, graceful, auburn-haired and a bit snub-nosed looked pretty indeed.

С What adjectives on the right will match the nouns on the left.

chin high

nose poor

lips thick

eyes bulging

gait thin

sight bushy

forehead awkward

eyebrows double

cheeks hollow

shoulders aquiline

I) Answer these remarks with the opposite description.

e.g. A: I thought you said he was the short, chubby one. B: No. quite the opposite, he 's the tall, thin-faced one.

1 A: Was that his brother, the dark-skinned. wavy-haired one?

В: No, quite the opposite, his brother's......................................

2. A: She's always quite well-dressed, so I've heard.

B: What! Who told you that? Every time I see her, she's..........

3. A: So Charlene's that rather plump fair-haired woman, is she? B: No, you're looking at the wrong one. Charlene's.................

4. A: So, tell us about the new boss; good looking?

B: No, I'm afraid not; rather......................................................

5. A: 1 don't know why, but 1 expected the tour-guide to be

middle-aged or elderly. B: No, apparently she's only......................................................

E Choose the word which best completes each sentence,

1. She sometimes wears her hair.....................................................

A) tied B) loose C) free D) fringe

2. He has a...................................................................complexion.

A) white B) spotted C) clear D) brown

3. Last year's cycling accident has left him with a large..........................................................................on his left cheek.

A) mark B) cut С) wound D) scar

4. Mark's hair is already..................., which isn't surprising as his

father lost all his hair at an early age.

A) bald B) parting C) retiring D) receding

5. People with red hair often come out in.......when they sunbathe.

A) stubble Bj moles C) freckles D) blemishes

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F Discuss with your partner the following proverbs:

• Appearances are deceptive/deceitful.

• Never judge from appearances.

• A fair face may hide a foul heart.

• Beauty lies in lover's eyes.

• The face is the index of the mind.

G Bring some photos of people (relatives, friends, etc.) and describe in detail their physical characteristics.

H Suppose you write to the 'personal' column where people are seeking partners. Describe your own appearance and that of a person you would like to meet. Give as many details as possible.

2 People around us can be divided into two groups: relatives and non-relatives. Relatives can be blood relations and relations by law.

A Give as many words as you can to describe blood relations, e.g. mother, father, etc.

В We also have relations by marriage. Explain the following.

• What do we call a husband's or wife's father, mother, sister, brother?

• Who are 'a son-in-law' and 'a daughter-in-law'?

• Whom do we call a 'step-mother' (~ father, ~ sister, ~ brother)?

• What kind of relationship does a 'half-sister (~~ brother) suggest?

• Who can be called a "foster-father¹ (~ mother)?

С Non-relatives can be divided into those with whom we maintain close relations, more distant relations and no relations at all.

Sort out the following relationships to show closeness and distance in friendship, work, love/romance and marriage.

close <--------------------------------------------> more distant

friend / lover / workmate / good friend / steady boy /

girl friend / colleague / best friend / sweetheart / wife /

/ fellow student / ex-lover / partner / acquaintance / husband

N.B. ex- can be used with or without (informally) another word:

e.g. She's my ex (-girlfriend, etc.).

Mate is a colloquial word for a good friend. It can also be used in compounds to describe a person you share something with.

e.g. classmate, shipmate, workmate, flatmate. Workmate is usual in non-professional contexts; colleague is more common among professional people. Fiance/ёе can still be used for someone you are engaged to, but a lot of people feel it is outdated nowadays. You will sometimes see husband- / wife-to-be in journalistic style. English has no universally accepted word for 'person 1 live with but am not married to', but partner is probably the commonest.

D Match each person from the list with a suitable description. Use each name once only.

cousin adult orphan nephew toddler best man fiance nurse niece twin bride neighbour ancestor widow

1) The son of your brother or sister.......................................

2) Л woman on the day of her marriage................................

V) A young child who is learning to walk.............................

4) What a woman calls the man she is engaged to................

5) One of two children born at the same time.......................

6) A person who lives near you.............................................

7) The daughter of your brother or sister...............................

8) A person who is fully grown.............................................

9) A woman whose husband has died...................................

10) At a wedding, the friend of the bridegroom....................

1 i) A person from whom one is remotely descended..........

i 2) A child whose parents are dead.......................................

ГЗ) A child of one's uncle or aunt.........................................

i 4) A woman or girl employed to look after babies or small chidren...................................................................................

E Arrange the words below under the headings 'man ' and 'woman '.

e.g. man nephew

spinster godmother grandpa godfather auntie widower

F Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.

!. How long has Sarah been.........................................with Peter?

A) going back B) going in C) going out D) going up

	woman
	niece
granny	fiance	bachelor
uncle	groom	best man
bridesmaid	fiancee	widow

2. They fell in love at first..............................................................

A) glimpse B) look О sight D) viewing

3. How long have they been..........................................................?

A) betrothed B) engaged C) financed D) intended

4. When are they going to............................................................?

A) get married B)marry them

C) marry each other D) marry themselves

5. Peter has asked Michael to be his......................at the wedding.

A) best man Bj bridesmaid

C) eyewitness D) godfather

6. Sarah has invited all her....................................to the wedding.

A) compatriots B) in-laws C) parents D) relations

7. Her parents have been married for 25 years and today is their

A) anniversary B) birthday С) jubilee D) marriage

8. The people in the flat upstairs are always having noisy.............

A) debates B) discussions C) noises D) rows

9. When her mother remarried, she got on very well with her new

A) ancestor B) forefather С) foster-father D) step-father

10. A diagram that shows the members of a family and their relationship is called a family........................................................

A) branch Bj line C) river D) tree

G Study the following phrases and idioms for relationships. Use them in sentences of your own.

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1) She doesn't just like Bob, she idolises him! I can't stand him. [hate]

2) I really like Lisa, but her friend just turns me off. [excite hate]

3) Jo and I get on well with each other, [have a good relationship]

4) Adrian and Liz don't see eye to eye. [often argue/disagree]

5) I've fallen out with my parents again, [had arguments]

6) Tony and Jane have broken up / split up. [ended their relationship]

7) George is having an affair with his boss, [a sexual relationship, usually secret]

8) Children should respect their elders, [adults/parents, etc.]

9) Let's try and make it up. [be friends again after a row]

10) She's my junior/I'm her senior/Гт senior to her, so she does what she's told, [refers to position/length of service at work]

H Read the following sentences attentively and correct the idioms used in them.

1. Jo and Phil don't get on eye to eye with each other.

2. 1 fell up with my parents last night. It wasn't my fault..

3. We had a quarrel but now we've made it well..

4. Do you think Jim and Nora are making an affair? I do.

5. I see very well with all my colleagues at work. 6 She should learn to-respect her elders.

"■". Jo's attractive, but her mate just turns me up completely.

I Read the quotations below. Discuss with other students.

1. What do you think each one means⁹

2. Which do you agree with? Which do you disagree with'? Why?

• Without a family, man, alone in the world, trembles with the cold. Andre Malraux

• No matter how old a mother is, she watches her middle-aged children for signs of improvement. Scott Maxwell

• Parents are sometimes a bit of a disappointment to their children. They don't fullfil the promise of their early years. Anthony Powell

• The family is the place, where the most ridiculous and the least respectable things in the world go on. Ugo Betti

• God gives us our relatives: thank God we can choose our friends. Ethel Watts Mumford

3 Man is a universe of talents and inabilities, ambitions and laziness, strengths and weaknesses, raptures and disillusionment, hopes and despair, good and evil. And this universe is no less exciting and mysterious than the Universe around us. Man has always been tempted to explore the outer space, getting further and further beyond the Rarth. while his inner world has remained as enigmatic as the most remote planets and stars.

A The following words describe intellectual ability of a person. Arrange them under the two headings: a) having ability and b) lacking ability:

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