Invention /discovery

4. Work with a partner. Match the verbs in A with the nouns in B.

Some verbs may go with more than one noun.

A	B
to lead to	a method
to make(3)	a paper
to lay	the foundations
to conduct	principles
to patent(2)	a discovery
to develop	an experiment
to write	a contribution
to determine	an invention
	the probability of something

5. Use an English-English dictionary and write out the collocations with

the words: investigation, contribution and observation. Compare your results as a class.

Speaking

Work in teams. Hold a “balloon debate”. Each team chooses the name of the inventor or discoverer they have learnt about. Explain why his/her invention / discovery is so important that the inventor/discoverer should be the last one left in the falling balloon, while the others jump out to save him / her.

Functional language: Agreeing and disagreeing
Opinions	I think (that)… In my opinion… As for me…
Agreeing	Absolutely; Right / That right; I agree/ You’re right
Disagreeing	I know, but… I take/see your point, but… I’m not sure… That’s not true…

In the Realm of Science

1. Words like volt and watt have become part of our language, e.g. a volt is the unit of electrical potential, or difference in electrical pressure, expressing the difference between two electrical charges.

A watt is a unit of electrical power. However, we sometimes forget that these are the names of famous scientists. A volt is named after Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), the Italian physicist. A watt is named after James Watt (1736-1819), the English inventor of a steam engine.

Do you know what these terms mean and who they are named after?

ampere ['æmpɛə]	kelvin ['kelvin]	Fahrenheit ['fær(ə)nhait]
bel [bel]	curie ['kju(ə)ri]	pascal [pæ'skæl]
coulomb ['ku:lɔm]	Celsius ['selsiəs]	hertz [hə:ts]
roentgen ['rʌntjən; 'rʌntgən]	farad ['færəd]	ohm [əum]
weber ['webər; 'veibər]	newton ['nju:t(ə)n]

2. Remember how to say the names of some well-known scientists:

Babbage ['bæbiʤ]	Avogadro [,ævə'ga:drəu]	Isaac Newton ['aizək 'nju:t(ə)n]
Curie ['kju(ə)ri]	Descartes [dei'ka:t]	Pythagoras [pə'θægərəs; pai-]
Bohr [bɔ:r]	Aristotle ['æri,stɔt(ə)l]	Hippocrates [hi'pa:krə,ti:z]
Plato ['pleitəu]	Archimedes [,a:kə'mi:diz]	Aristarchus [,æri'sta:rkəs]
Euclid ['ju:klid]	Einstein ['ainstain]	Roentgen ['rʌntjən; 'rʌntgən]

3. Arithmetic operation is a mathematical expression involving numbers.

Division	(:)	21: 3=7	twenty one divided by three is/equals seven
Multiplication or times	(×)	4×3=12	- the multiplication of four by three gives twelve - four times three equals twelve
Subtraction or minus	(–)	4–3=1	- the subtraction of three from four leaves one - four minus three equals one
Summation,addition/plus	(+)	4+3=7	- the summation of four and three gives even - four plus three equals seven
Equality	(=)	25:5=5	twenty five divided by five is/equals five

4. Read and remember some mathematical symbols.

	is not equal to		ray AB
<	is less than	AB	the length of
>	is greater than		triangle
	is less than or equal to		is approximately equal to
	is greater than or equal to		is similar to
()	Parentheses (grouping symbol)		is parallel to
[ ]	Brackets (grouping symbol)		infinity
{ }	Braces (grouping symbol)		pi, 3.14159
| |	Absolute Value Bars		is congruent to
	is an element of		therefore
	is not an element of		square root
or	is a subset of		right angle
or	is not a subset	!	factorial
	the set of		the sum of
	the intersection of	e	numeric constant 2.71828
	angle		perpendicular
	line AB		degree(s)
	segment AB

Unit 1 Progress Monitoring In this unit you have worked on the following vocabulary related to the topic: “ Evolution of Natural Sciences”

to make a discovery		to develop an idea/theory/principle
to measure time/distance/mass		scientific accomplishments
to examine/study/investigate sth		theoretical/experimental science
to determine/observe sth.		to explain a physical phenomenon
to count/calculate/compute sth.		to lead to a discovery of sth.
addition/summation/plus		accidental/joint/shared/independent discovery invention/
subtraction/minus		to be a great step forward to sth.
multiplication/ division		to conduct/make experiments
to do research		to patent an invention/method
to equal sth./to be equal to sth		to make a contribution to science

Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.

Unit 2 A Giant Leap

Lead In

1. The most revolutionary and important

discoveries in science are often called

breakthroughs. Work with a partner.

Make a list of breakthroughs and inventions

made in the 20^th century.

2. Discuss your lists as a class and agree on five

breakthroughs and inventions that you think

have changed the world we live in.

Reading

1. Read the text about the breakthroughs of the 20^th century. Find out what changes they have brought about. Complete the chart.

Breakthrough	Implication

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