I. PRE-READING TASK

1. Why do people travel?

2. What means of transport are used nowadays?

3. What advantages and disadvantages of different means of travel can you name?

4. How many time zones do we have?

5. What is GMT?

TOPICAL VOCABULARY

Long haul visitors	Туристы из дальних стран
See off	Провожать
Train fast Passenger Mail Long-distance Local Freight Through	Скорый поезд Пассажирский почтовый дальний местный товарный прямой
Car sleeping Attached Dining-room Non-smoking With reserved berths	Вагон спальный Прицепной Вагон-ресторан Для некурящих Плацкартный
Passenger ship	Пассажирский пароход
Ocean liner	Океанский пароход
First-class steamer	Пароход первого класса
In the bow (stern)	В носовой (кормовой) части
Of 10000 tons displacement	Водоизмещением в 10000тонн
Jet-plane	Реактивный самолет
Turbo-jet	Турбореактивный
Route	Маршрут
Change trains	Делать пересадку
Delay	Задержка
On-the-spot fine	Штраф на дороге
Rush hour	Час пик
Open-jaw ticket	Билет с открытой датой
Runway	Взлетная полоса
Roundabout	Транспортная развязка
Highway	Большая скоростная дорога
Stopover	Остановка в отеле при перелете
Starboard	Правый борт
Gangway	Проход между рядами
Freeway	Скоростная дорога
Parking lot	Парковка
Sidewalk	Тротуар
Pavement	Тротуар
Driving license	Права на вождение
Downtown	Центр города
Underground, Subway, tube	Метро
Tiring	Утомительный
Hold-up	Ограбление на дороге
Leisure	Досуг, отдых
Package tour	Тур. пакет
Mass tourism destination	Место массового посещения туристами
Travel restrictions	Ограничения в путешествии
Inbound tourist	Въезжающий турист
Outbound tourist	Выезжающий турист
Enhance	Увеличивать
Partake	Принимать участие
Enable	Позволять
Extend	Расширять
Book the flight in advance	Бронировать рейс заранее
Charter flight	Чартерный рейс
Direct flight	Прямой рейс
Single ticket	Билет в один конец
Return ticket	Билет туда и обратно
Pass valid for 30 days	Проездной действ. на 30 дней
Have comprehensive insurance	Иметь обязательную страховку
Speeding fine	Штраф за превышение скорости
Road hog	Лихач
Public pay car park	Платная стоянка
Free car park	Бесплатная стоянка
Charter flight	Чартерный рейс
Travel light	Путешествовать налегке
Round trip	Круговая поездка
Reserve (book) seats in advance	Забронировать билеты заранее
Valid ticket	Действительный билет
Reduced price ticket	Билет со скидкой
Complimentary ticket	Бесплатный билет
Hand-luggage	Ручная кладь
Overweigh	Перевес
Traffic lights	Светофор
Crossroads	Перекресток
Harbour	гавань

Travelling

Since ancient times people have liked travelling. Throughout the ages human beings have searched for adventure. Until recently participation in tourism was restricted to select few, who could afford time and the money to travel. Nowadays increased leisure, higher incomes and greatly enhanced mobility combined have enabled people to partake in tourism. Improvements in transportation, the proliferation of accommodation, and the growth of inclusive tours and other forms of relatively cheap vacation travel, have further extended the opportunity to travel for pleasure.

Transport is acknowledged as one of the most significant factors to have contributed to the international development of tourism. According to Gayle and Goodrich (1993), in 1991 the international tourism industry employed 112 million people world-wide and generated over $2.5 trillion at 1989 prices. In 1996, 593 million tourists travelled abroad (World Tourism Organisation 1997), which generated a significant demand for tourist transport. In global terms, the expansion of international tourism continues to generate an insatiable demand for overseas travel. Europe remains the most visited of all regions of the world, with half of all global tourist receipts and almost two‑thirds of international arrivals in 1996. In 1996, almost 352 million arrivals and US$215.7 billion in receipts were received. Eastern and Central Europe were among the fastestgrowing areas to benefit from Western European tourism flows. In contrast, the East Asia‑Pacific region remains the area experiencing the highest growth rates, with total arrivals increasing by 9.3 per cent in 1996 to over 87 million with receipts of US$1 billion. These two examples illustrate the scale of international tourism demand, of which a key component is the mode of transport chosen by these travellers. Despite the controversy over the extent to which tourism can be defined as both an industry and a service activity, it is widely recognised that tourism combines a broad range of economic activities and services designed to meet the needs of tourists.

Transport provides the essential link between tourism origin and destination areas and facilitates the movement of holidaymakers, business travellers, people visiting friends and relatives and those undertaking educational and health tourism. Transport is also a key element of the `tourist experience' (Pearce 1982) and some commentators (e.g. Middleton 1988; Tourism Society 1990) view it as an integral part of the tourism industry.

Transport can also form the focal point for tourist activity in the case of cruising and holidays which contain a significant component of travel (e.g. coach holidays and scenic rail journeys). Here the mode of transport forms a context and controlled environment for tourists' movement between destinations and attractions, often through the medium of a `tour'. The integral relationship which exists between transport and tourism is demonstrated by Lamb and Davidson (1996: 264) since transportation is one of the three fundamental components of tourism. The other two are the tourism product (or supply) and the tourism market (or demand). Without transportation, most forms of tourism could not exist. In some cases, the transportation experience is the tourism experience (e.g. cruises, scenic and heritage rail trips, and motorcoach, automobiles and bicycle tours).

Thus, the mode of transport tourists choose can often form an integral part of their journeys and experience, a feature often neglected in the existing research on tourism. However, the interface of transport and tourism does raise the much wider conceptual problem of what is and what is not tourism transport (D.R. Hall 1997). While it is readily acknowledged that there are specialised, dedicated forms of tourism transport (i.e. tourist coaches, charter flights and cruise liners) there are also other forms of transport which are used by both hosts and tourists to varying extents. For example, urban buses, metro systems and scheduled flights to tourism regions are used simultaneously by tourists and local residents and in some cases this can cause competition. Where tourist use of transport modes does occur, competition with other users has wide‑ranging economic, environmental, social and political implications for destination areas.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16