Страдательный залог

Времена страдательного залога образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle).

Как и в русском языке, страдательный залог употребляется, когда в центре внимания находится лицо или предмет, который подвергается действию, а не лицо или предмет, который совершает действие. Формой выражения лица или предмета, производящего действие, является косвенное дополнение с предлогом by (или with, если косвенное дополнение обозначает инструмент или орудие труда):

The images are computed by a four-processor system.

Non-destructive observation of specimen surface microstructures down to 10 nm or less can be carried out with an electron scanning microscope.

Страдательный залог также употребляется в тех случаях, когда необходимо описать какие-либо процессы, а также когда лицо, совершающее действие, неизвестно или когда считают ненужным его упоминать:

Business letters are usually written on special forms.

This educational networking project is designed for self-managing groups of students, teachers and resource administrators.

Для всех рассмотренных времен существуют конструкции в страдательном залоге. В страдательном залоге отсутствует форма Future Continuous, а также времена группы Perfect Continuous. Ниже дана таблица времен в страдательном залоге.

	Simple	Continuous	Perfect
Present	I am invited.	I am being invited.	I have been invited.
Past	I was invited.	I was being invited.	I had been invited.
Future	I shall be invited.	-	I shall have been invited.
Future in the Past	I should be invited.	-	I should have been invited.

При употреблении страдательного залога следует помнить, что в английском языке, как и в русском, есть переходные (которые могут иметь при себе прямое дополнение) и непереходные (которые не могут иметь при себе прямое дополнение) глаголы. Переходные глаголы могут употребляться как в действительном, так и в страдательном залоге. Непереходные глаголы употребляются только в действительном залоге.

Действительный и страдательный залоги в английском языке совпадают со значением соответствующих залогов в русском языке. Глагол в действительном залоге (Active Voice) показывает, что действие совершает лицо или предмет, выраженный подлежащим.

He often asks questions. Он часто задаёт вопросы.

Глагол в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice) означает, что действие направлено на предмет или лицо, выраженное подлежащим.

He is often asked questions. Ему часто задают вопросы.

Формы страдательного залога образуются при помощи глагола to be в соответствующей форме и Participle II (Причастие II) смыслового глагола.

	to be + Participle II

	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	I am asked he (she) is asked we (you, they) are asked	I (he, she) was asked we (you, they) were asked	I (we) will be asked he (she, you, they)
Continuous	I am being asked he (she) is being asked we (you, they) are being asked	I (he, she) was being asked we (you, they) were being asked
Perfect	I, we, you, have been they asked he (she) has been asked	I (he, she, had been we, you, asked they)	I, we will have he, she, been asked you, they

Примеры:

Indefinite Passive (to be + Participle II)

1. The newspapers are delivered every morning (Present Indefinite Passive). Газеты доставляются каждое утро.

2. This book was bought a month ago. (Past Indefinite Passive) Эта книга былакуплена месяц назад.

3. The letter will be mailed tomorrow. (Future Indefinite Passive) Письмо будетоправлено завтра.

Continuous Passive (to be + being + Participle II)

1. The house is being repaired. (Present Continuous Passive) Дом ремонтируется.

2. When John was ill he was being taught at home. (Past Continuous Passive) Когда Джон болел, его обучали дома.

Perfect Passive (to have + been + Participle II).

1. This letter has been brought by the secretary. (Present Perfect Passive) Секретарь принёс письмо. (Письмо принесено секретарём)

2. He decided to become a writer only when his first story had been published. (Past Perfect Passive) Он решил стать писателем, только когда его первый рассказ был напечатан.

3. By the 1^st of July you will have passed the last exam. (Future Perfect Passive) К 1^ому июля вы сдадите последний экзамен.

Сказуемое в страдательном залоге может переводиться на русский язык: а) кратким страдательным причастием; б) глаголом на –ся; в) неопределённо-личным глаголом.

The house is built. а) Дом построен. б) Дом строится. в) Дом строят.

Следует обратить особое внимание на перевод глаголов с предлогом в страдательном залоге. Наиболее распространённые из этих глаголов:

hear of – слышать о

laugh at – смеяться над

look after – присматривать за (кем-либо)

look at – смотреть на

rely on – полагаться на

send for – посылать за

speak of (about) – говорить о

pay attention to – обращать внимание на

take care of – заботиться о

The book is much spoken about. Об этой книге много говорят.

He can't be relied on. На него нельзя положиться.

В русском переводе не все глаголы сохраняют предлог:

to listen to – слушать что-либо, кого-либо

to look for – искать что-либо

to provide for – обеспечить кого-либо, чем-либо

to explain to – объяснять кому-либо

He was listened to with great attention. Его слушали с большим вниманием.

Упр. 107. Прочитайте следующие предложения и решите, является подчеркнутый глагол переходным или непереходным.

a. The rule doesn’t apply.

b. His dream came true.

c. The temperature was slowly rising during the experiment.

d. The government raised taxes on imported goods.

e. He succeeded in solving the problem.

f. We all breathe, eat and drink.

g. The conference opens at 9 a.m. on Monday.

h. The computer weighs some 1.5 kg.

i. It costs 1.3 thousand dollars.

j. The Australians don’t like cold weather.

k. Babysitters look after children.

l. In the course of Soviet period people never really elected their authorities.

m. She made herself a cup of tea.

n. The teacher makes students prepare for every lesson.

o. The student put down an unknown word in his dictionary.

p. Our state will hardly pay off all its debts soon.

q. Look at the timetable to know when the train arrives at the station.

Упр. 108. Переделайте предложения так, чтобы они содержали сказуемое в страдательном залоге, опустив подлежащие.

1) You should open the wine about three hours before you use it.

2) Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit.

3) We use this room only on special occasions.

4) You must not hammer nails into the walls without permission.

5) Someone switched on a light and opened the door.

6) Somebody had slashed the picture with a knife.

7) Why didn't they mend the roof before it fell in?

8) Someone will serve refreshments.

9) Someone has already told him to report for duty at six.

10) No one can do anything unless someone gives us more information.

11) People are spending far more money on food now that they spent ten years ago.

12) The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month.

13) It is high time someone told him to stop behaving like a child.

14) They are pulling down the old theatre.

Упр. 109. Переделайте предложения так, чтобы они содержали сказуемое в страдательном залоге, упоминая исполнителя, где необходимо. Если в исходном предложении есть прямое или косвенное дополнение, сделайте косвенное дополнение подлежащим в новом предложении.

Пример: They gave her a clock. She was given a clock.

Обратите внимание на предложения 12, 15, где переход от актива к пассиву осуществляется с помощью вспомогательного глагола should.

1) Who wrote it?

2) Compare clothes which we have washed with clothes which any other laundry has washed.

3) He expected us to offer him the job.

4) They showed her the easiest way to do it.

5) Lightning struck the old oak.

7) Did the idea interest you?

8) The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle's will.

9) They used to start these engines by hand. Now they start them by electricity.

10) Students are doing a lot of the work.

11) The Prime Minister was to have opened the dry dock.

12) They recommended opening new factories in the depressed area. (should)

13) Anyone with the smallest intelligence could understand these instructions.

14) We will not admit children under sixteen.

15) They suggested making the tests easier. (should)

Упр. 110. Страдательный залог часто используется, когда в центре внимания находится лицо или предмет, который подвергается действию,при описании процессов или когда не важен исполнитель. Переделайте предложения так, чтобы они содержали сказуемое в страдательном залоге, и подумайте, какой залог уместнее использовать в каждом случаеи почему.

1) Dr Brown widely used statistical methods in his field.

2) I am going to submit a paper to the program committee.

3) Landau introduced the conception of energy density matrix in 1927.

4) We have processed the data obtained with the help of a computer.

5) This procedure reduces the energy losses.

6) Visualisation specialists often use conceptual illustration and data-driven visualizations interchangeably.

7) They projected graphics in stereo onto three walls and the floor.

8) They are displaying both input circuit parameter values and output signal in the same space.

9) A biologist can link sells together into networks, and even systems of networks, to explore how the brain's circuits work.

10) People have used numbers for record-keeping and commercial transactions for centuries.

11)They maintained these conditions throughout the experiment.

12) No one can do anything unless someone can give us more information.

13) Everyone may use this program both to explore precomputed datasets and to interactively steer supercomputer simulations.

14) Participants wear stereo glasses to view the images in 3D.

15) In a recent article in Science, authors have discussed the difficulty of evaluating numerical simulations.

16) A group of researchers has created these models recently using General Neural Simulation System, a versatile software package developed a decade ago.

17)Nobody can do science without computers.

Упр. 111. Переделайте предложения в действительный залог. Если исполнитель не указан: "This door must be kept shut” (школьное объявление) - введите его: "Students must keep this door shut”.

1) Why don't you have your eyes tested?

2) This speed limit is to be introduced gradually.

3) The runways are being lengthened at all the main airports.

4) By tradition any sturgeon that are caught by British ships must be offered to the Queen.

5) Have a lift put in and then you won't have to climb up all these stairs.

6) Last year a profit of two million pounds was made in the first six months but this was cancelled by a loss of seventeen million pounds which was made in the second six months.

7) The ship was put into quarantine and passengers and crew were forbidden to land.

8) He was made to surrender his passport.

9) This scientific theory has now been proved to be false.

10) Why wasn't the car either locked or put into the garage?

11) It is being said that too little money is being spent by the government on roads.

12) Your money could be put to good use instead of being left idle in the bank.

Упр. 112. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильном времени и залоге.

Пример: My car was stolen (steal) last night.

Joseph Ford, the politician who (a) __________ (kidnap) last week as he was driving to his office, (b) __________(release) unharmed. He (c) _______ (examine) by a doctor last night, and (d) _____(say) to be in good health. Mr Ford (e) _____ (find) walking along a small country lane early yesterday evening. A farmer (f) _______ (see) him, recognized who it was, and (g) __________ (contact) the police. When his wife (h) __________ (tell) the news, she said, "I am delighted and relieved that my husband (i) ________ (find)." Acting on information received, the police made several arrests, and a man (j) ________ (question) in connection with the kidnapping.

Упр. 113. Превратите предложения в пассивные.

a. Someone will give you your tickets at the airport.

b. People asked me a lot of questions about my background.

c. Someone usually shows airline passengers how to use a life jacket at the beginning of the flight.

d. If somebody offers you a cheap camera, don't buy it. It's probably stolen.

e. Someone will tell you what you have to do when you arrive.

f. My parents advised me to spend some time abroad before looking for work.

g. Pleased to meet you. People have told me a lot about you.

h. In a few years' time, my company will send me to our New York office.

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