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A polysemantic word, as has been shown, is a word having several meanings or lexical-semantic variants. These lexical-semantic variants possess both lexical and grammatical features which are closely interwoven. These different meanings or lexical-semantic variants of polysemantic words are revealed in the context. By the term “context” is understood the minimum stretch of speech determining each individual meaning of a word.
The context individualises the meaning of the word, brings it out, reveals the intended lexical-semantic variant. It is in this sense that we say that the meaning of a polysemantic word is determined by the context. The term context comprises both the narrow or micro context and the wide or macro context. The narrow context implies sentence or even a word combination, e.g.: bright star – яркая звезда; bright wine – прозрачное вино; bright day – светлый день; bright reply – блестящий ответ; a bright boy – способный, смышленый мальчик. The following examples illustrate the importance of the context in translation.
The construction of the UNO was no simple or easy task.
This explains the peculiar construction of the Security Council.
In the first sentence the word “ construction ” has the meaning of “act of devising and forming” (Webster III), in the second sentence the meaning is “structure”.
These different contexts bring out different lexical-semantic variants of the word “ construction ” which are reflected in the Russian translation.
Создание ООН было не простой и не легкой задачей.
Это объясняет своеобразную структуру Совета Безопасности.
The importance of the context for translation is obvious. The micro context implies not only lexical but also syntactical ambient elements, e.g.: the elm stood before the house – перед домом стоял вяз; he stood a whisky and soda – он угостил меня виски с содовой водой.
The context or the situation not only reveals the intended meaning of a polysemantic word but also its concrete or abstract, its direct or transferred meaning.
A dictator relies upon his army and police force. – direct meaning
Диктатор опирается на свою армию и полицию.
The whole army of words – вся масса слов – transferred meaning.
An army of insects – туча насекомых – transferred meaning
He was crippled in the Vietnam war.
Он был искалечен на войне во Вьетнаме.
The criminal forces of reaction and anti-détente aim at crippling international cooperation.
Цель преступной поджигательной политики реакционеров и противников разрядки – подорвать международное сотрудничество.
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