The MEANS for building up categorial oppositions

are traditionally divided into synthetical and analytical

Synthetical grammatical forms are based on inner inflexion, outer inflexion, and suppletivity;

Inner inflexion is used in English in irregular verbs; it is used in a few nouns for the formation of the plural.

take — took — taken, man — men,

Suppletivity is based on the correlation of different roots

is used in the forms of the verbs be and go, in the irregular forms of the degrees of comparison, in some forms of personal pronouns

be — am — are — is — was — were; go — went; good — better; bad — worse

I — me; she — her.

As for analytical forms which are so typical of modern English they present a combination of an auxiliary word with a basic word.

go — to go

more important — less important

GRAMMATICAL CLASSES OF WORDS

The words of language, depending on various features, are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes.

The traditional grammatical classes of words are called " parts of speech".

the term "part of speech" is purely traditional and conventional

This name was introduced in the grammatical teaching of Ancient Greece

TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION In modern linguistics, parts of speech are discriminated on the basis of the three criteria: "semantic", "formal", and "functional".

The semantic criterion provides the generalised meaning

The formal criterion provides word-building features

The functional criterion concerns the syntactic role of words in the sentence

Words are divided into notional and functional

To the notional parts of speech of the English language belong 6

the noun,

the adjective,

the numeral,

the pronoun,

the verb,

the adverb

the "meaning — form — function"

The features of the noun

meaning 1) meaning of substance

form 2)changeable forms of number and case / suffixal forms of derivation

function 3) the substantive functions in the sentence / prepositional connections; modification by an adjective.

The features of the adjective:

1) meaning of property

2) degrees of comparison (for qualitative adjectives); the specific suffixal forms

3) adjectival functions in the sentence

The features of the numeral:

1) meaning of number

2) set of simple numerals and compound numerals; the specific suffixal forms

3) the functions of numerical attribute and numerical substantive.

The features of the pronoun:

1) meaning of indication

2)sets of various status

3) the substantival and adjectival functions

The features of the verb:

1) meaning of process

2)categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood;

the opposition of the finite and non-finite forms;

3) the function of the finite predicate; the mixed verbal functions.

The features of the adverb:

1) meaning of the secondary property

2)forms of the degrees of comparison for qualitative adverbs; the specific suffixal forms

3) the functions of various adverbial modifiers.

the notional parts of speech

characterised by self-dependent functions in the sentence.

Contrasted against the notional parts of speech are words of incomplete nominative meaning and non-self-dependent

These are functional parts of speech.

To the basic functional series of words in English belong 6

the article,

the preposition,

the conjunction,

the particle,

the modal word,

the interjection.

The article expresses the specific limitation of the substantive functions.

The preposition expresses the dependencies of substantive referents.

The conjunction expresses connections

The particle unites the functional words

The modal wordexpresses the attitude of the speaker to the reflected situation

the functional words of probability (probably, perhaps, etc.),

of qualitative evaluation (fortunately, unfortunately,

affirmation and negation.

The interjection, occupying a detached position in the sentence, is a signal of emotions.

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