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| Primary Meaning | Imperative Meaning | Suppositional Meaning |
| can ability smb can/could (not) do smth може/ міг smb could (not) do smth/ could have done smth міг би/ міг би тоді | 1. permission you can do smth можете 2. request can you do smth could you do smth can’t you do smth couldn’t you do smth чи не могли б ви 3. asking for permission Can I (smb) do smth? 4. prohibition you can’t do smth не можна | 1.strong doubt can smb be doing/ know smth could smb be doing/ know smth cansmb have done could smb have been doing smth невже 2. very strong doubt smb can’t be doing smb couldn’t know smth smb can’thave done; smb couldn’t have been doing smth; не може бути, щоб... |
| may absence of obstacles to the action smb may (not) do smth smb might (not) do smth може, міг | 1. asking for permission May smb do smth? 2. permission you may do smth можете 3. prohibition you may not do smth не можна 4. request you might do smth міг би 5. reproach you might have done smth міг би (тоді) | doubt smb may (not) do smth smb may (not) be doing smth smb might (not) do smth smb might (not) be doing smth може бути, можливо (зараз) smb may have done smth smb may have been doing smth може бути, можливо (тоді) |
| must have to necessity of the action smb must do smth smb has to do smth повинен, треба smb had to do smth smb will have to do smth доведеться must be to expected action smb is to do smb was to do повинен, повинен був | 1. order you must do smth повинен зробити 2. prohibition you must not do smth 3. stricter order you are to do smth 4. stricter prohibition you are not to do smth не роби, не смій робити | near certainty smb must do smb must be doing smth напевно, очевидно робить smb must have been smth smb must have been doing smth smb must have done smth напевно/ очевидно робив/зробив |
| need have to 1. absence of necessity for the action smb needn’t do smth smb does not have to do smth не потрібно 2. absence of necessity for a performed action smb needn’t have done smth smb does not have to do smth можна було і не... даремно, марно... 3. absence of necessity in the past smb did not have to do smth можна було не... не довелося | permission not to do smth you needn’t do smth можете не | |
| shall certainty smb shall (not) do smth обов’язково | 1. asking for instructions Shall I do smth? Мені робити щось? 2. advice you (smb) should (not) do smth (не) треба, (не) слід 3. criticism of a past action smb should (not) have done smth (не) слід було, (не) варто було | near certainty smb should be smb should become smb should do smth напевно, очевидно |
| will volition smb/smth will/would (not) do smth (не) хоче, (не) буде, smb would not have done smth не став би робити(тоді), не робив би | 1. order you will (not) do smth (не) робіть 2. request will you do smth won’t you do smth would you do smth wouldn’t you do smth будь ласка, зроби/ зробіть | near certainty smb/smth will/would be smth smb/smth will/ would be doing smth мабуть, очевидно smb/smth will/ would have been smb/smth will/ would have done smth мабуть, очевидно, було |
| ought | 1. advice you (smb) ought (not) to do smth (не) треба (б), (не) слід 2. criticism of a past action smb ought (not) to have done smth (не) слід було, (не) треба було | near certainty smb ought to be smb ought to know smb ought to become мабуть, очевидно |
Module 4 – Modal Verbs
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| Participle II | | | Functions of Modal Verbs and Synonymous Expressions |