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The Nominative Absolute Construction is used in the function of adverbial modifier of time (Classes over, we went home) or attendant circumstances (There she was lying, her head on the pillow).
The Prepositional Absolute Construction is used in the function of adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (We marched on, her hand still in mine).
The second element of such constructions is an adjective, a prepositional phrase or an adverb. NAC & PAC are separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or by a semicolon.
The double nature of the Gerund, its tense and voice distinctions. Predicative Constructions with the Gerund. The Gerund and the Participle. The Gerund and the Infinitive. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
As a natural result of its origin and development the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics: 1) The G can perform the functions of subject, object and predicative (Singing is a good habit; I enjoy giving presents; His duty is persuading people to buy smth.); 2) It can be preceded by a preposition (I'm sick and tired of shouting at you); 3) It can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun (I have no objection to Mary's coming here).
The verbal characteristics: 1) The G of transitive verbs can take a direct object (I am never tired of seeing her); 2) It can be modified by an adverb (They were running cowardly); 3) It has tense distinctions (taking, having taken), the G of transitive verbs has voice distinctions (taking, being taken).
In Russian it's rendered by a noun, infinitive, деепричастие, subordinate clause (the passive forms are usually rendered by a clause).
The tense distinctions (like those of PI) are not absolute but relative. The Indefinite G (Active & Passive) denotes an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb. Depending on the tense form of the finite verb it may refer to past, present or future (He stood motionless without blinking; She can read for hours without pausing; She will pass her exam without feeling any nervousness). The Perfect G denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb (I am not ashamed of having said these words). The priority can also be expressed by the Indefinite G after the verbs "to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank" and after the prepositions "in (upon), after, without" (I remember saying this).
The voice distinctions can be observed after transitive verbs (He's enjoys loving and being loved). The G has passive meaning, though active in form, after the verbs "to want, to need, to observe, to require" and the adjective "worth" (The car needs repairing).
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| THE OBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION | | | PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE GERUND |