The objective Participial construction

It's a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case (I could see my father repairing the TV-set). The P is in predicate relation to the noun "father", which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the P. In OPC P1 Active Indefinite or P2 is used. It has the function of a complex object. It can be found: 1) after verbs denoting sense perception ("to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc.") (I heard her coming in); 2) after some verbs denoting mental activity ("to consider, to understand, etc.") (I consider myself engaged to her); 3) after the verbs "to have, to get", with P2 only (the action expressed by the P is performed at the request of the person denoted by the subject of the sentence) (She has her hair cut every month). In interrogative and negative sentences the auxiliary verb "to do" is used (When did you have your guitar tuned?). Occasionally the meaning of the construction is that the person denoted by the subject experiences the action denoted by the P (I had my appendicitis extracted).

THE SUBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION

It's a construction in which the P (mostly P1) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence. In Russian it's mostly expressed by неопределенно-личное предложение. One of the components of SPC serves as the subject, the other part forms part of a compound verbal predicate (They were heard talking in low voices). Chiefly used after verbs of sense perception.

The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. The Absolute Constructions without a participle.

NAPC is a construction in which the P stands in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case (the noun or the pronoun is not the subject of the sentence) (The window open, we began to freeze). In Russian it's expressed by an adverbial clause. It has the function of adverbial modifier of time (The job done, he went home), cause (It snowing heavily, we decided to stay in), attendant circumstances (She was sitting, her eyes fixed on me), condition (Parents allowing us, we shall go there). The use of NAPC in Modern English is very rare (literature mostly).

PAPC is a NAPC introduced by the preposition "with" (She was lying on the bed, with her hands holding a thick book). In most cases it's used in the function of adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. In Russian it's expressed by a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот.

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