The Use of the Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous has two uses:

· The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive (Durative)

· The Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive (Resultative)

1. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive denotes an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still in progress at that moment.

· The preposition FOR denotes the whole period of duration of the action.

· SINCE denotes the starting point of the action.

· We can also use the adverbials of the type: those(two)days, all day (long),
all thatyear, all his life, etc.

E.g.	for two hours when she came.
He said he had been translating the text
	since that time.

NOTE 1. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive is translated into Ukrainian by the past imperfective.

E.g. They had been playing chess for an hour when their mother came.

Вони грали в шахи годину, коли прийшла їх мати.

2. The Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive denotes an action which was in progress just before a definite moment in the past and affected the situation in some way.

E.g. She was very tired. She had been writing letters all day long.

Ann closed the book she had been reading and went to open the door.

NOTE 2. The Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive is translated into Ukrainian by the past imperfective.

E.g. Her eyes were red. Obviously she had been crying.

У неї почервоніли очі. Очевидно, вона плакала.

NOTE 3. We use progressive forms to talk about more temporary actions and situations. When we talk about longer - lasting or permanent actions and situations we use simple forms.

E.g. His legs were stiff as he had been standing fora long time.

That tree had stood there for200 years.

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAST CONTINUOUS AND THE PAST

PERFECT CONTINUOUS INCLUSIVE

The Past Continuous	The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive
· denotes an action in progress at a definite moment in the past.	· denotes an action in progress at a definite moment in the past with the indication of the period of duration or the starting point of the action.
E.g. He was translating the text at that moment.	E.g. He had been translating the text for two hours / since Tuesday.

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAST PERFECT INCLUSIVE AND

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS INCLUSIVE

The Past Perfect Inclusive	The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive
· is used with stative verbs.	· is not used with stative verbs; NOTE. There is a tendency in modern English to use the stative verbs to want, to wish, etc. in the Perfect Continuous form.
E.g. He said he had been in England for two years / since 2002.	E.g. He said he had been wanting to talk to her since he came back from England.

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAST PERFECT AND

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS EXCLUSIVE

The Past Perfect	The Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive
· focuses on the action which was completed.	· focuses on the action which was not completed.
E.g. He said he had read that book and could discuss it with me.	E.g. He said he was tired as he had been reading that book for a long time.

THE FUTURE TENSES

THE FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE

(THE FUTURE SIMPLE)

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