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1. We form the Present Continuous by means of the auxiliary verb TO BE in the Present Indefinite (am / is / are) and Participle I of the main verb.
AM IS + PARTICIPLE I (Ving) ARE |
E.g. I am writing a letter now.
She is still reading the book.
They are making a report at present.
In informal English we can also use short affirmative forms.
Full affirmative forms | Short affirmative forms |
I am working. He (she, it) is working. We (you, they) are working. | I’m working. He (she, it)’s working. We (you, they)’re working. |
SPELLING RULES |
Before the ending - ING:
(a) we drop a mute - E;
E.g. to mak e – mak ing
(b) we double a final consonant in a stressed syllable:
· in monosyllabic verbs after a short vowel;
E.g. to h o p – hopping | BUT to h o p e – hoping |
to b e t – betting | to b ea t – beating |
· in polysyllabic verbs if it has no diphthong;
E.g. to be´gin – beginning | BUT to ´open – opening |
to per´mit – permitting | to ´visit – visiting |
to re´fer – referring | to ´offer – offering |
to pre´fer – preferring | to a´pp ea r – appearing |
In British English we double a final - L after a short (stressed or unstressed) vowel.
E.g. to ful´f i l (BrE)/ful´f i ll (AmE) – fulfilling | BUT to a´pp ea l – appealing |
to ´trav e l – travelling (BrE)/traveling (AmE) | to con´c ea l – concealing |
(c) we change a final - C into - CK;
E.g. to pani c – pani ck ing
to picni c – picni ck ing
(d) we change a final - IE into - Y;
E.g. to d ie – d y ing
to l ie – l y ing
to t ie – t y ing
(e) we do not change a final - Y.
E.g. to stud y – stud y ing
2. In negative sentences we place the negative particle NOT after the auxiliary verb TO BE (am / is / are). In informal English we use short negative forms.
E.g. I am not / ’m not writing a letter now.
She is not / isn’t reading the book.
They are not / aren’t making a report at present.
Full negative forms | Short negative forms |
I am not working. He (she, it) is not working. We (you, they) are not working. | I’m not working. He (she, it) isn’t working. We (you, they) aren’t working. |
3. In interrogative sentences (questions) we place the auxiliary verb TO BE (am / is / are) before the subject.
E.g. Am I writing a letter now?
Is she reading the book?
Are they making a report at present?
4. In negative - interrogative sentences (negative questions) we place the auxiliary verb TO BE (am / is / are) before the subject and the negative particle NOT after the subject. In informal English we place short negative forms before the subject.
E.g. Am I not / Aren’t I writing a letter now?
Is she not / Isn’t she reading the book?
Are they not / Aren’t they making a report at present?
Full negative-interrogative forms | Short negative-interrogative forms |
Am I not working? Is he (she, it) not working? Are we (you, they) not working? | Aren’t I working? Isn’t he (she, it) working? Aren’t we (you, they) working? |
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The Formation of the Present Indefinite | | | A future action in progress in adverbial clauses of time and condition |