The Formation of the Present Perfect

1. We form the Present Perfect by means of the auxiliary verb TO HAVE in the Present Indefinite (have / has) and Participle II of the main verb.

HAVE + PARTICIPLE II (Ved/V3) HAS

Infinitives of irregular verbs form Participle II by:

· changing the root vowel (to s i ng – s u ng)

· adding the ending -(E)N (to fall – fall en)

· changing the root vowel and adding the ending -(E)N (to sp ea k – sp o k en)

· changing the final consonant (to buil d – buil t)

· using the same stem (to cut – cut)

· using a different stem (to be – been)

E.g. I have written the letter already.

She has just translated the text.

SPELLING RULES

Before the ending - ED:

(a) we drop a mute - E;

E.g. to liv e – liv ed

to di e – di ed

(b) we change a final - Y preceded by a consonant into - I;

E.g. to stu d y – stud i ed

to car r y – carr i ed

BUT a final - Y preceded by a vowel remains unchanged.

E.g. to pl a y – pla y ed

to enj o y – enjo y ed

(c) we double a final consonant in a stressed syllable:

· in monosyllabic verbs after a short vowel;

E.g. to n o d – nodded	BUT to n ee d – needed
to h o p – hopped	to h o p e – hoped

· in polysyllabic verbs if it has no diphthong.

E.g. to per´mit – permitted	BUT to ´visit – visited
to re´fer – referred	to ´offer – offered
to pre´fer – preferred	to a´pp ea r – appeared

In British English we double a final - L after a short (stressed or unstressed) vowel.

E.g. to ful´f i l (BrE)/ful´f i ll (AmE) – fulfilled	BUT to a´pp ea l – appealed
to ´trav e l – travelling (BrE)/traveled (AmE)	to con´c ea l – concealed

(d) we change a final - C into - CK;

E.g. to pani c – pani ck ed

In informal English we can also use short affirmative forms.

Full affirmative forms	Short affirmative forms
I (we, you, they) have worked. He (she, it) has worked.	I (we, you, they)’ve worked. He (she, it)’s worked.

2. In negative sentences we place the negative particle NOT after the auxiliary verb TO HAVE (have / has). In informal English we use short negative forms.

E.g. I have not / haven’t / ’ve not written the letter yet.

She has not / hasn’t / ’s not translated the text yet.

Full negative forms	Short negative forms
I (we, you, they) have not worked. He (she, it) has not worked.	I (we, you, they) haven’t worked. He (she, it) hasn’t worked.

3. In interrogative sentences (questions) we place the auxiliary verb TO HAVE (have / has) before the subject.

E.g. Have I written the letter?

Has she translated the text?

4. In negative - interrogative sentences (negative questions) we place the auxiliary verb TO HAVE (have / has) before the subject and the negative particle NOT after the subject. In informal English we place short negative forms before the subject.

E.g. Have I not / Haven’t I written the letter?

Has she not / Hasn’t she translated the text?

Full negative-interrogative forms	Short negative-interrogative forms
Have I (we, you, they) not worked? Has he (she, it) not worked?	Haven’t I (we, you, they) worked? Hasn’t he (she, it) worked?

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