Language focus

1. Match the words that are: a) similar and b) opposite in meaning:

a)	b)
to be referred to as	to get used to	benefit	slow
fleshy	to break	tight	to scare off
to evolve	to lead	entire	loose
to adapt	to be called	to shed	to keep
to speculate	plump	rapid	incomplete
to burst	to develop	to lure	disadvantage
to result in	to regard

2. Complete the table (where possible):

Noun	Verb	Adjective
pollen
	to penetrate
		reproductive
dispersal
	to nourish
		dependent
lure
	to produce
		selective
	to arrange
consumption
	to benefit
	to exude

3. Define the following terms:

heterosporous	pollen tube	ovule	angiosperms	nectaries
pollen grains	pinoids	conifers	cone scales

4. Match the first half of a sentence in column A with the appropriate second half in column B:

A	B
1. Although the cone is a conspicuous feature distinguishing many members of this group,	a) and oogamous, having sperm and dispersal.
2. Each sporephyll contains two sporangia	b) it does not appear on all conifers.
3. The remaining megaspore, through repeated mitotic divisions, becomes the female gametophyte,	c) in which haploid spores are produced through meiosis.
4. The sperm fertilize the egg and the resulting zygote produces	d) which, unlike that in the ferns, is considerably reduced in size.
5. But there is some speculation that angiosperms	e) that are highly evolved for protection and dispersal.
6. Flowering plants are heterosporous, having two different sized spores,	f) an embryo sporophyte.
7. Their zygotes develop into seeds and fruit	g) readily accessible sticky, sugary droplets, produced by ovules.
8. Some insects, such as certain beetles, may have become dependent on	h) may have existed as long as the Permian.

5. Put the parts of the sentences in the right order:

a. Micropyle, some, near, land, of, near, of, the, pollen, the, opening, grains.

b. As, plants, flowering, also, anthophytes, the, known, are.

c. The diploid, retaining, and, sporophyte, dominates, the, gametophyte, cycle, nourishing, the life.

d. A, substance, the ovule, trapping, gymnosperms, of modern, grains, exudes, sticky, pollen, wind-borne.

e. Travelling, ovule, insects, from, to, one, another, pollen, carry, them, with.

FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

1. Describe: a) how angiosperms are pollinated; b) the life cycle of conifers.

2. Prepare a dialogue with your partner discussing:

a) the most successful group of living plants

b) the history of conifers, their reproduction and the features distinguishing them from other groups.

3. Write essays on the topics: a) conifers; b) flowering plants.

UNIT 9

TYPICAL FLOWER

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