Questions. 1. Analyze Russian policy in Galicia in 1914

1. Analyze Russian policy in Galicia in 1914. What did the Russian government try to achieve?

2. What serious mistakes did the Provisional Government make that eventually brought it to collapse?

3. Explain the growth of popularity of the Bolshevik party in 1917-1918. What did they create in Kharkiv to justify the invasion of Ukraine by the Red Army?

4. Why did the Central Powers decide to support Ukraine’s independence?

5. Why did the Germans replace the Central Rada with the Skoropadskyi regime?

6. Give evaluation to Skoropadskyi’s government. What were positive and negative aspects of Skoropadskyi’s policy?

7. Why did Skoropadskyi proclaim federation with non-Bolshevik Russia in the fall of 1918?

8. Describe the political situation in Ukraine under the Directory.

9. Tell about the policy of war communism and red terror.

10. Characterize the policy of Anton Denikin.

11. What was the decisive step in securing the Bolshevik position in Ukraine?

12. Why did West Ukrainians fail to defend their independence? Who and why provided the Poles with substantial military and diplomatic assistance?

13. Explain the reasons for the alliance between Petliura and the Poles. What was the attitude of West Ukrainians to this alliance?

WORDS AND WORD COMBINANTIONS

Involve – втягати, вплутувати

Redraw – переробляти (мапу)

Eradicate - знищити

National movement – національний рух

Hallmark – проба, ознака, критерій

Uniqueness - унікальність

Persecute - переслідувати

Priest - священик

Exile – висилати (на заслання)

Convert into (religion) – навернути у віру

Combatant side – воююча сторона

Depose a ruler – скинути правителя

Assume power – взяти владу

Censorship - цензура

Abolish - скасувати

Release from prison – звільнити з тюрми

Forbid - забороняти

Integrity - цілісність

Emerge - виникати

Demand - вимагати

Accuse smb of smth – звинувачувати когось в чомусь

Possess - володіти

Slogan - гасло

Undermine – підривати (вплив)

Stage a coup – влаштувати державний переворот (путч)

Seize power – захопити владу

Puppet government – маріонетковий уряд

Justify - виправдовувати

Invasion - вторгнення

Neutral - нейтральний

Reign of terror – правління терору

Conclude a treaty – заключити договір

Issue - видавати (наказ)

Representative - представник

Grant autonomy – надавати автономію

Recognize – визнавати (державу)

Reciprocal accusations – взаємні звинувачення

Utopians - утопісти

Disband a government, army, etc – розпустити уряд, армію тощо

Announce - об’явити

Legislative, executive, and judicial – законодавча, виконавча, судова

Ultimate power – головна влада

Expose himself to accusations – наражатись на звинувачення

Currency reform – грошова реформа

Revive - відроджувати

Nobles - дворяни

Scholars – вчені-гуманітарії

Brothel – будинок розпусти

Department – відділ, кафедра

Occupy a position – зайняти посаду

Prevent - перешкоджати

Pillars - стовпи

Springboard – трамплін, плацдарм

Conquer - завойовувати

Go on strike - страйкувати

Apparent - очевидний

Appoint – призначати (на посаду)

Allies - союзники

Insurrectionary government – повстанський уряд

Rivals – суперники, конкуренти

Rebellion - повстання

Insurrection - повстання

Troops - війська

Defeat – наносити поразку

Resign a post – піти з посади

Devoid of election rights – позбавлені виборчих прав

Dictatorship - диктатура

Declare a treaty invalid – проголосити договір недійсним

Invade - вторгнутися

Postpone - призупинити

Implementation of law – впровадження закону

Plunder - грабувати

Resistance - спротив

Prohibition - заборона

Hostages - заручники

Conduct a policy, reform – проводити політику, реформи

Uprising - повстання

Turmoil - безладдя

Suffer - страждати

Estimate – приблизно підраховувати, оцінювати

Warring sides – воюючі сторони

Occur - траплятися

Commit a pogrom – вчинити погром

Claim – претендувати (на територію)

Reemergence – відновлення

At the expense of somebody – за рахунок когось

Encirclement – оточення

Disagreement – незгода, розбрат

Alliance - союз

Enrage – розлютовувати, дратувати

Treason - зрада

A buffer state – буферна держава

Offensive - наступ

Rebel against smb – повстати проти когось

Launch an attack – почати атаку

Renounce - відмовлятись

Inflame – запалювати, збуджувати

Retreat - відступити

Exhausted - виснажений

To be interned – бути інтернованим

Take advantage of smth – скористатись чимось

Turkish Rampart – Турецький вал

Impregnable - неприступний

Isthmus - перешийок

Losses - втрати

External factors – зовнішні фактори

Statehood - державність

Consciousness - свідомість

Urge - спонукати

Submit - підкоряти

Circumstances - обставини

Sacrifice - пожертвувати

Obtain - отримати

Counterparts - співвітчизники

Turbulent events – бурхливі події

[1] The Orthodox Church was widely used as means of Russification and assimilation by the Russian government throughout centuries.

[2] Parish is an area that has its own church and priest.

[3] During WWI the German-sounding St. Petersburg was renamed in the Russian-sounding Petrograd.

[4] This event came down into history as the February Revolution, since it occurred in February according to the official in tsarist Russia Julian calendar, which was two weeks behind the Gregorian calendar.

[5] ‘Universal’ is the historic name used by the Cossack hetmans for their decrees.

[6] Jews were heavily over-represented in the Bolshevik party in relation to their numbers.

[7] This event came down into history as the ‘October Revolution,’ since it happened in October according to the Julian calendar, which was official in Russia at the time (until 1918).

[8] The German head of staff General V. Grener said, “The Central Rada is not a government, but rather a mixture of dreamers and idealists-socialists, who possess neither respect nor power in Ukraine.”

[9] It was named after the French revolutionary government (1795-1799).

[10] He was disguised as a wounded German officer.

[11] That is why many people in the West considered Petliura to be a violent anti-Semite. Petliura was killed in emigration by a Jew as punishment for pogroms in Ukraine.

[12] Most of these lands were not under control of the ZOUNR. Only part of Eastern Galicia was under the control of the ZOUNR at the time.

[13] The Allies (Entente) allowed Polish troops to occupy Ukrainian territories only till the Zbruch River, which served as a border between the former Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires.

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