Test 4.Чтение

1. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста и выберите предложение, в котором выражена его основная идея: The subject of capital punishment has occupied the attention of enlightened men for a long time, particularly since the middle of the last century; and none deserves to be more carefully investigated. The right of punishing its members by society cannot be denied; but how far this right extends, by the laws of nature or of God, has been much disputed by theoretical writers, although it cannot be denied that most nations, ancient and modern, have deemed capital punishment to be within the scope of the legitimate powers of government. Some contend with zeal that the punishment of death ought not to be inflicted in times of peace nor at other times, except in cases where the laws can be maintained in no other way.
The capital punishment ought not to be inflicted in times of peace.
The subject of capital punishment has always been controversial.
The capital punishment has been discussed since the middle of the last century.
The subject of capital punishment has been much disputed by theoretical writers.

2. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и определите, в каком из перечисленных аргументов за отмену смертной казни упоминается высказывание Ф.Вольтера о пользе наказания - 'Когда человек повешен, он ни на что не годен': The arguments used in favor of the abolition of capital punishment are: 1st. That existence is a right which men hold from God and which society in body can, no more than a member of that society, deprive them of because society is governed by the immutable laws of humanity. 2d. That even should the right be admitted this is a restraint badly selected which does not attain its end, death being less dreaded than either solitary confinement for life or the performance of hard labor and disgrace for life. 3d. That the infliction of the punishment does not prevent crimes any more than other less severe but longer punishments. 4th. That as a public example, this punishment is only a barbarous show, better calculated to accustom mankind to the contemplation of bloodshed, than to restrain them. 5th. That the law, by taking life when it is unnecessary for the safety of society, must act by some other motive this can be no other than revenge. To the extent the law punishes an individual beyond what is requisite for the preservation of society and the restoration of the offender, it is cruel and barbarous. The law, to prevent a barbarous act, commits one of the same kind; it kills one of the members of society to convince the others that killing is unlawful. 6th. That by depriving a man of life society is deprived of the benefits which he is able to confer upon it; for, according to the vulgar phrase, a man hanged is good for nothing. 7th. That experience has proved that offences which were formerly punished with death have not increased since the punishment has been changed to a milder one.
1st
4th
6th
5th

3. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста еще раз и определите, в каком из перечисленных аргументов смертная казнь рассматривается как жестокое публичное представление:
1st
5th
4th
3d

4. Прочитайте еще раз 2-й абзац текста и определите, в каком из перечисленных аргументов закон, разрешающий смертную казнь, рассматривается как жестокий и варварский:
5th
7th
2nd
3th

5. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и определите, в каком из перечисленных аргументов утверждается, что, как показывает опыт, количество преступлений не увеличилось после того как смертная казнь была заменена на более мягкое наказание:
5th
3th
7th
1st

6. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и определите, в каком из перечисленных аргументов утверждается, что при отмене смертной казни и замене ее на длительное тюремное заключение, преступники всегда будут убивать и надеяться на помилование или побег: The arguments which have been urged on the other side are: 1st. That all that humanity commands to legislators is that they should inflict only necessary and useful punishments; and that if they keep within these bounds the law may permit an extreme remedy, even the punishment of death, when it is requisite for the safety of society. 2d. That whatever be said to the contrary, this punishment is more repulsive than any other as life is esteemed above all things and death is considered as the greatest of evils, particularly when it is accompanied by infamy. 3d. That restrained, as this punishment ought to be to the greatest crimes, it can never lose its efficacy as an example nor harden the multitude by the frequency of executions. 4th. That unless this punishment be placed at the top of the scale of punishment criminals will always kill when they can while committing an inferior crime as the punishment will be increased only by a more protracted imprisonment where they still will hope for a pardon or an escape. - 5th. The essays which have been made by two countries at least; Russia under the reign of Elizabeth, and Tuscany under the reign of Leopold, where the punishment of death was abolished, have proved unsuccessful as that punishment has been restored in both.
1st
3d
4th
2d

7. Определите, какой из перечисленных аргументов против отмены смертной казни основан на исторических исследованиях, проведенных в двух странах:
2d
5th
3d
1st

8. Определите, в каком из аргументов этот вид наказания рассматривается как самое омерзительное деяние, поскольку жизнь бесценна, а смерть является величайшим из всех зол:
5th
2d
3d
4th

9. Определите, в каком из перечисленных аргументов объясняется, почему смертная казнь никогда не сможет потерять своей эффективности:
5th
3d
1st
4th

10. Прочитайте текст полностью и выберите подходящий заголовок:
Arguments Against Capital Punishment
Arguments For Capital Punishment
Capital Punishment: Pros and Cons
Capital Punishment in Russia

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